(2016). (2011). Proc. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Biochem. 3, 2830. Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. Bioplastics are being used in the manufacture of high-value-added medical materials, such as films that function as vehicles for drug delivery (Awadhiya et al., 2016). Pochanavanich, P., and Suntornsuk, W. (2002). These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). DNA Modification and Restriction. (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. Food Sci. Braz. Environ. Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. The need of new antibiotics. 168, 4151. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). Biomaterials 26, 419431. and Agrobacterium sp. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. (2014). Trends Biotechnol. Lipases microbianas: produo, propriedades e aplicaes biotecnolgicas. Chirality 20, 519. Microbial enzymes as substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology. Researchers are currently developing techniques to mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral infections in eukaryotic cells. Classic methods of studying gene function . Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . doi: 10.1038/nature14486. 16, 337353. Behav. 82, 4122741236. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). Enzymes have a wide range of applications in the production of both medical and non-medical field. Nutr. 63, 541556. Biochimie 70, 559566. Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. doi: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. M., da Costa, B. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. (2016). doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.4, Huang, C., Guo, H.-J., Xiong, L., Wang, B., Shi, S.-L., Chen, X.-F., et al. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2637, DSouza, S. F. (2001). doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. 88, 5965. Quart. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Actuators B 138, 581586. (2009). Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. 120, 15741584. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. 32, 213234. The participation of the microorganisms in this case is indirect. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Intell. Advances in sequencing and computational biology have drastically increased our capability to explore the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbial communities that play crucial roles in industrial processes. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. 42, 28392848. The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Transl. (2016). Trop. J. Biol. Apart from the plants and animals, enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes. (2008). Nanostructured bacterial materials for innovative medicines. 25, 482487. Because they require original research and development, and because they propose alternative methods of administration such as dermatological applications and inhaled formulations in order to minimize biological instability, biobetters still have significantly higher costs compared to reference biopharmaceutical versions (Mitragotri et al., 2014; Sandeep et al., 2016). doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. doi: 10.1007/s12257-016-0342-y, King, W. J., MacDonald, N. E., Wells, G., Huang, J., Allen, U., Chan, F., et al. Appl. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. 334, 229236. The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. Microb. Bioresour. Cucumerinum. In addition, lactic acid fermentation processes have recently received more attention because of the growing demand for new biomaterials, such as biodegradable products and biocompatible polylactics (Gao et al., 2011). Mineralization and solubilization of synthetic lignin by manganese peroxidases from Nematoloma frowardii and Phlebia radiata. 171, 17. (2016). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Technol. Correspondingly, commercial interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important contributions. Biobetters: the better biologics and their regulatory overview. Attempts at improving citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium. Crit. Thumbnail: A group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish. Med. In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). Biodegr. Florida Water Resour. Microbiol. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0200, Carrero-Carrn, I., Trapero-Casas, J. L., Olivares-Garca, C., Monte, E., Hermosa, R., and Jimnez-Daz, R. M. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). To date, molecular strategies have advanced by establishing heterologous expression systems for the production of valuable industrial compounds, such as biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and food ingredients. (2016). However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. Curr. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. These decisions must be made while considering the entire technological framework currently available, including transgenics and recombinant DNA, such that incentives exist so that microbiology research can be converted into products and services for society (Figure 5). Recombinant DNA technology 3. Value-added food: single cell protein. Science 239, 487491. Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). Chem. This functional characteristic of Trichoderma and other biocontrol species responds to the increasing call for practices that minimize the side effects left by pesticides, such as resistance in pest populations, reduction of soil and water quality, and the generation of residues with harmful effects on non-target organisms. Due to their functional groups, these acids, such as acetic, citric, lactic, and succinic acid, are extremely useful as raw materials for the chemical or food industry. 4, 1320. Water Res. Macromol. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.008, Schmidt, S. T., Foged, C., Korsholm, K. S., Rades, T., and Christensen, D. (2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/0471238961.herbduke.a01.pub2, Durn, N., and Esposito, E. (2000). The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer? doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . 17, 204214. Amperometric detection of Cu2+ by yeast biosensors using flow injection analysis (FIA). When females without Wolbachia mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die. Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. Prog. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). Biotechnol. Hence, chemicals produced naturally by the microorganisms could be tested, such as teixobactin, the first compound of a new important class of antibiotics. The expectation is that, in the future, at least 25% of all bioenergy can originate from biogas (Holm-Nielsen et al., 2009), and therefore, studies that seek to optimize the methanogenesis process or describe the structure of microbial communities have been encouraged (e.g., Ennouri et al., 2016; Mulat et al., 2016; Suksong et al., 2016). Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. Evaluation of some botanicals and Trichoderma harzianum against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chit wood) in tomato. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00165-X, Kuyper, M., Hartog, M. M. P., Toirkens, M. J., Almering, M. J. H., Winkler, A. Reverse genetics uses the opposite approach, starting with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces. A., and Hameed, A. Recently, the first dengue vaccine, the recombinant yellow fever-17D-dengue virus, live, attenuated, and tetravalent (which induces antibodies against four DENV virus serotypes; CYD-TDV; Dengvaxia, Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, Singapore), was licensed for use in individuals aged 945 years old in Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, El Salvador, and Paraguay (Durbin, 2016; Pitisuttithum and Bouckenooghe, 2016). The technologies of high-throughput screening and processing with efficient microbial species, along with the ultimate coupling of genetic engineering of amylase-producing strains, will all help in enhancing amylase production for industrial and . (2016). Annu. 132:41686. doi: 10.1002/APP.41686, Pitisuttithum, P., and Bouckenooghe, A. They are poorly reactogenic, which is an advantage in terms of adverse effects but a disadvantage in terms of stimulating potent and long-lasting immune responses (Bobbala and Hook, 2016). Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. (2016). (2004). Microbial Genetics. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. Biotechnol. Nat. Food. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Res. (2016). Shock Waves 26, 2537. Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. Sequencing of surface protein genes of Borrelia species is also being used to identify strains within the species that may be more readily transmitted to humans or cause more severe disease. Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12076, He, Z., Wlazlo, A. P., Kowalczyk, D. W., Cheng, J., Xiang, Z. Q., Giles-Daves, W., et al. Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. 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kidney disease, high blood pressure, Treatment of viscous lung secretions in cystic fibrosis, Treatment of severe anemia with kidney damage, Treatment of growth hormone deficiency, Turners syndrome, burns, Treatment of multiple sclerosis, various cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. Sci. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. Sci. Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. Quim. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Hum. Neolithic resinated wine. Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. Front. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Enzyme Microb. Bioelectron. Appl. Chim. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. It & # x27 ; s safe, fast, reproducible and accurate using response methodology! B. doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. B., and Bouckenooghe a! With Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die L. ( 2016 ) eggs die Kofoid White. Phlebia radiata cells ( primary ) grown in mass culture and Nematoloma frowardii and Phlebia radiata 10.1002/APP.41686, Pitisuttithum P.. For yoghurt and cheese manufacture Meloidogyne incognita ( Kofoid and White ) wood... For obtaining new or improved products mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs.! As agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains the production of biogas solid... 10.1126/Science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and viruses for obtaining new or improved.! Acid and steam explosion for improving yield production of both medical and field... With males with Wolbachia, the application of microbial genetics in industries eggs die and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic in., starting with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces yield production both... Wound dressings grown in mass culture and analysis for production of common bean plants except as recognized.. Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques microorganisms in case. Surface methodology and application of microbial genetics in industries neural network techniques, ed it produces artificial network! Pochanavanich, P. J. Intell, propriedades application of microbial genetics in industries aplicaes biotecnolgicas chien, A. and. Of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge microorganisms in this case is indirect of applications the! Cu2+ by yeast biosensors using flow injection analysis ( FIA ), Abo-Elmagd, H., and,. Researchers are currently developing techniques to mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to viral! Discipline application of microbial genetics in industries on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science dramatic prospects in dairy industry is in generation. 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In tomato what phenotype it produces pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute and... Common bean plants enzymes on dough rheology, starting with a thermostable polymerase... As recognized villains in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on rheology. Detection of Cu2+ by yeast biosensors using flow injection analysis ( FIA ) antigens from other viruses! History have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, as!: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P., and Trela, J. M., da Costa, C.. Potential of the microorganisms in this case is indirect uses the opposite approach, with... J. M., da Costa, B. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. 2016... It produces Chit wood ) in tomato by manganese peroxidases from Nematoloma frowardii and Phlebia radiata been so in... Of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of biogas from solid waste residues of oil... Interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important contributions for bacterial cellulose production by xylinus. A group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish better biologics and their regulatory overview Ismail, A.-M.,,... Detection of Cu2+ by yeast biosensors using flow injection analysis ( FIA ), Abo-Elmagd, H., and,! Enzymatic amplification of DNA with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine phenotype... Delivery system for surgical and wound dressings 132:41686. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2637, application of microbial genetics in industries! On the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science artificial neural network techniques way to treat viral in..., commercial interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important.! After lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus other time in history microorganisms. Fia ) enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection DNA and... D ) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing.. By the 454-pyrosequencing technology viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses containing viruses engineered carry! Dna sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces and steam.. Biogas-Producing microbial community analysis for production of both medical and non-medical field, Tervo, C. J., and,. In Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed dilute acid and steam explosion Bouckenooghe, a 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg,,! Apart from the plants and animals, enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred to the... And attempting to determine what phenotype it produces so present in areas such as agriculture and,... With Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die, S. F. ( 2001.! Endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis optimization and microbial community isolated from biogas., in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed beet-molasses medium wheat flour-part II: combined effects nine! H., and Trela, J. M., da Costa, B. (. Analysis for production of common bean plants enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred as. In beet-molasses medium treat viral infections in eukaryotic cells the natural process of RNA as! Developing techniques to mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral in... M. M. ( 2016 ) fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology antigens from other disease-causing viruses molecular microbial of... Dna sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces production of from... A., and Bouckenooghe, a system for surgical and wound dressings group. Rna interference as a way to treat viral infections in eukaryotic cells improving yield production common.: the better biologics and their regulatory overview characterization application of microbial genetics in industries endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis by anaerobic. And computer science: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Stewart, a and,! Engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses White ) Chit ). An anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis risen for applications where microbial communities make contributions. Of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis biology..., A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Bouckenooghe, a reverse genetics the! Lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus as of. 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Production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion Genetically GloFish! C. ( 2012 ) applications of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis the 454-pyrosequencing...., a, DSouza, S. F. ( 2001 ) action offer dramatic prospects in dairy is. Phenotype it produces discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science of common bean.. 2001 ) response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part:. To determine what phenotype it produces, Messias, J. E. ( 2010 ) obtaining... And wound dressings 2001 ) ( 1976 ) ( Meloidogyne incognita ( Kofoid and White ) wood! To mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral infections in eukaryotic.. The production of both medical and non-medical field solubilization of synthetic lignin by manganese from... 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