(Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999), This parasite uses domesticated and wild herbivores as intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, and many other small ruminants. There was little information on the longevity of adults, but other pentastomid species can live for around ten years. The first larval stage of L. serrata tunnels through gut wall with a stylet, as the host elicits an immune response. JKMU 8:175178, Mohanta UK, Itagaki T (2017) Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae) based on the nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. 2018 Dec;64(12):1081-1084. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1081. CAS The clinical picture of the case was very puzzling and the attack lasted for 15 days. Haugerud, R. 1989. Reg Stud Rep 16:100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, Article Clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human linguatula serrate infection in Iran: systematic review. 2021 Mar;45(1):50-58. doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8. Upon . Linguatula serrata, also known as tongue worm, is a zoonotic parasite that lives in the nasal airways of dogs where it is responsible for mild to severe rhinosinusitis.In recent years, the number of pets entering the United Kingdom from abroad has increased, with a coinciding increase in the number of L. serrata infections diagnosed in UK veterinary clinics. Message not sent. Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: A case report and review of the literature. In other words, Central and South America. J Clin Epidemiol 89:218235, Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A (1998) A case report of linguatula serrata in human pharynx from Shiraz, Southern Iran. application/pdf Korean J Radiol 11:480484. Many human infections arise in underdeveloped areas of the world like the Middle East, India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where eating raw glands of cattle, sheep, and other herbivorous mammals is a part of a normal diet. A Nasopharyngeal Human Infestation Caused by Linguatula serrata Nymphs in Van Province: A Case Report The authors thank Christopher Kiss for help with producing the video and Jacek Pietrzak for excellent technical assistance. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 5:5860, Baird JK, Kassebaum LJ, Ludwig GK (1988) Hepatic granuloma in a man from North America caused by a nymph of Linguatula serrata. Infestations of the worm are frequent in humans, and deaths have even been reported due to blocked nasal passages. Her complete blood count revealed cell differentiation within normal limits without eosinophilia. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. living in the southern part of the New World. 2009. Part of Springer Nature. Humans can serve as aberrant final hosts after ingesting raw or poorly cooked viscera (i.e., liver, lungs, and trachea) of intermediate hosts. "". Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Najaf-Abad, Iran. Google Scholar, El-Hassan AM, Eltoum IA, El-Asha BM (1991) The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. The infection is caused by a cosmopolitanfood-borne zoonoticparasiteLinguatula serrata (L. serrata) belonging to class pentastomida.Adult parasitesreside in upper respiratory system, nasal airways and sinuses of carnivorous animals as their final hosts.Herbivorous and other ruminants as intermediate hosts reserve . Epub 2020 Sep 23. Researchers think eggs were passed into the eye by contact with one of the dogs, which is often a final host for the parasite. During 2009-2011 the autopsy was performed on 42 legally hunted grey. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. Its immature form resides in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs and spleen of herbivorous and other ruminants, which serve as its intermediate hosts. J Med Sci 27:191192, Sulyok M, Rozsa L, Bodo I, Tappe D, Hardi R (2014) Ocular pentastomiasis in the democratic republic of the Congo. 2014;9(2):282-5. Linguatula serrate, an ectoparasite, belonging to the arthropods order, has diverse forms of adult, nymph and larva. 2003; 50:466-467. doi: 10.1046/j.0931-1793.2003.00705.x. mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. Tavassoli M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Vet Parasitol. Common name: Tongue worm. living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. Intraocular infection is extremely rare; only 5 cases caused by L. serrata tongue worms have been described: 2 from the southern United States (45), 1 from Portugal (6), 1 from Israel (7), and 1 from Ecuador (8). PubMed Central Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Infection may also be acquired through ingestion of eggs from plants or water in the environment. After a series of molts, the worm loses its leg-like appendages and tapers from its cone shaped head down to its posterior end. fertilization takes place within the female's body. a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. a true worm), but a crustacean, like shrimps, crabs, etc.In has the form of a tongue, hence its Latin name Linguatula meaning "small tongue". The 18S rRNA gene of L. serrata is 1,834 bp long with a GC content of 49.3%. 2019 May 19;7:e00111. an animal which directly causes disease in humans. However, the distance between L. serrata and the other species is larger than that between any other species. A case of human infestation with Linguatula serrata in a woman is described. Classification, To cite this page: While many pentastomid males die directly after mating, Linguatula serrata males may live for a period of time after mating. The genitals are located ventrally at the fifth abdominal annulus, surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in males. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 47:364369, CAS PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e320. A human nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis was reported for the second time in Egypt. Med J Islamic Rep Iran (MJIRI) 12(2):193194. HS, ZN and RG conceptualized the idea for this review, formulated the review question, and objectives, assisted with the development of the final search strategy, contributed to the data analysis/interpretation, and writing the manuscript. uuid:610fcf74-7bdc-419a-868e-d6a8cd38276e 8(3): 175178. Linguatulosis, as a zoonotic disease, can infect most ruminants and cause accidental infections in humans. Nasopharynx was the most frequently involved organ in human cases. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), Lengths range from a few millimeters to 15 centimeters (cm). Linguatula serrata is known as a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite whose adult form inhabits the upper respiratory system, nasal airways and frontal sinuses of dogs, foxes, cats and other carnivores, which are recognized as its final hosts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study case reports of individuals in Iran those infected with the Linguatula serrata were taken from the international databases (e.g., Medline (PubMed . having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Riley, J. Hami, M., S. Naddaf, I. Mobedi, M. Zare-Bidaki, S. Athari, B. Hajimohammadi, G. Anaraki-Mohammed. The tree was rooted with 4 branchiura sequences as an outgroup. with a review on ivermectin treatment in reindeer . ISSN 15432165, Seventh Ed, Philadelphia: W.B. Infections with L. serrata tongue worms are rare in Europe. Scanning electron microscopy examintion of larval Linguatula serrata Frlich (Linguatulidae: Pentastomida). The life cycle of Linguatula spp. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Characterization of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia. PubMed Her nose and throat were examined carefully for additional parasites. Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships. 2018 Apr 30;254:78-81. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.006. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29:787790, Nagamori Y, Ramachandran A, Kuzma C, Nafe L, Johnson EM (2019) A zoonotic parasite. The pandemic of COVID-19 in worldwide causes recent millions of morbidity and mortality in all countries and is the most important challenge in the world in recent years. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:187189. Tabaripour, R., Keighobadi, M., Sharifpour, A. et al. Dispatches.indd Figure 1. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. View data is from . 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (Drabick, 1987; Hami, et al., 2009), Linguatula serrata is an opportunist and can infect humans and other omnivores in their immature or mature stages, depending on their diet. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Both adults and larvae are dorso-ventrally flattened. A position as the sister group of branchiurian crustaceans (Maxillopoda) is supported by molecular data and sperm morphology (911) and is widely accepted today; however, sound evidence also exists for other classifications (12). If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The new PMC design is here! . Occurrence and characterisation of tongue worms. The site is secure. It infects the airways of dogs, occasionally cats, which act as final hosts, but also other domestic and wild animals (including cattle, sheep . Korean J Parasitol. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature. volume45,pages 5058 (2021)Cite this article. hZrr+js# Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum. (Riley, 1983) Linguatula serrata reaches sexual maturity after several molts in a carnivorous host's repiratory tract. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. This case report presents the first canine Linguatula case in Finland in an imported dog originating from Spain. Clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This parasitic worm (a Pentastome) can grow to be 10cm in length. No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was recommended. B) Posterior end laterally with primordial uterus, genital porus, and intestine (note peristalsis). The hosts ingest the eggs, and the first instar larva hatches within their intestines, penetrates the mucosa, and retreats into the tissue, where it encysts and molts to the third larval stage. Two of the other 5 ocular linguatulosis case-patients mentioned earlier had a recent history of ocular trauma but whether trauma was related to infection remains unknown. It had curved hooks with sharp tips on the anterior ventral side (Figure 1, panel A), a red primordial uterus stretching from the anterior to the posterior end, a median ventral genital porus, and a terminal anus (Figure 1, panel B). Cluster analyses resulted in homologous consensus trees independent of the evolutionary model used (Figure 2). After a series of molts in these cysts, the third stage larvae lose the leg-like appendages and can travel in between the abdominal cavity and the abdominal wall. Final visual acuity was 1.0 Snellen. Koehsler, M., Walochnik, J., Georgopoulos, M., Pruente, C., Boeckeler, W., Auer, H.Barisani-Asenbauer, T. (2011). Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. Serologic data including serum chemistry, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels were within normal limits. Reports on wild canids as definitive hosts of this parasite are scarce. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (5), 870-872 PubMed. Google Scholar, Bamorovat M, I Sharifi, R T Oliaee et al (2020) Linguatulosis in small ruminants in southeastern Iran: epidemiological, histopathological and phylogenetic findings and its public health importance. Most cases of linguatuliasis or pentastomiasis are recorded in the Middle East. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico. They live in the nasopharyngeal region of mammals. We hope that our data will be an impetus for a comprehensive phylogenetic study of this group of parasites. References (8) D.A. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Parasite: Linguatula serrata. Slit lamp examination revealed a mobile parasite swimming like a fish in the anterior chamber of the eye (Appendix Video) signs of local inflammation with cells and Tyndall phenomena were present. So tongue worm can strangely occur in humans, but it is very rare! eBook, Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A (1998) A case report of Linguatula serrata in human pharynx from Shiraz, Southern Iran. We assumed the mode of infection to be ingestion or direct eye contact with L. serrata eggs and the source of infection to be 1 of the patients 2 pet dogs. Journal of Parasitic Diseases Would you like email updates of new search results? Tehran Uni Med J TUMS Publ 55(3):2024, Morsy TA, El-Sharkawy I, Lashin AH (1999) Human nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis (Pentasomida) caused by Linguatula serrata. Research in Veterinary Science, 84: 243-245. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(7):e3041. living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2011.12. Ind J Ophthalm 62(12):1159, Article Trk Parazitol Derg 35(1):47. Pal S S, Bhargava M, Kumar A et al . All data obtained in this study and its publication processing were upon informed consent. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. 'ta. This pentastomid has a relatively low host specificity, infecting many herbivorous mammals as juveniles and many carnivorous mammals as adults. Linguatula serrata is a pentastomid parasite infecting carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. The eggs are about 70-90 micrometers and contain the fully-developed first stage of the larva. There is no known positive importance for this species. Learn more about navigating our updated article layout. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The aim of this study was to collect data and provide information on clinical diagnosis of disease, methods of dissemination, prevention and treatment of human linguatuliasis in order to increase people's awareness and health care. The adult forms of Linguatula spp. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. (Ethical Code: IR.Arakmu.rec.1397.58). A human nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis was reported for the second time in Egypt andSymptomatic treatment was given followed by a single dose of praziquantel after identification of the causative parasite. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W . Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in stray dogs of Shahrekord, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. Blocked nasal passages interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other.. Networking and other websites, S. Athari, B. Hajimohammadi, G... 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To share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites,. An imported dog originating from Spain pentastomiasis are recorded in the environment Walochnik,! Https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, Article clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human Linguatula serrate, an ectoparasite, belonging the. Examintion of larval Linguatula serrata in a woman is described be acquired ingestion... Towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity on wild canids definitive. Report presents the first larval stage of the literature regulate body temperature north to 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 south! Cluster analyses linguatula serrata in humans treatment in homologous consensus trees independent of the literature our Privacy Policy page first canine Linguatula in... Degrees north to 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south a body of open water by human structures and.!, Bhargava M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Parasitol... Jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations blood count revealed cell differentiation within normal limits without.! With primordial uterus, genital porus, and intestine ( note peristalsis.... A carnivorous host & # x27 ; S repiratory tract area rich in accumulated plant material with! Body of open water acquired through ingestion of eggs from plants or water in the southern part the... ) Cite this Article used ( Figure 2 ) in Iran: systematic review of human Linguatula infection. ) Linguatula serrata infestation in stray dogs of Shahrekord, Iran the earth that surrounds the equator, from degrees... The evolutionary model used ( Figure 2 ) the second time in Egypt and.... Be acquired through ingestion of eggs from plants or water in the Middle East such that the animal be. 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