Table 18-2. Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, solid waste produced during steel manufacture in basic oxygen furnace, is difficult when it comes to handling and disposal and has very limited utilization. The use of weathering steels, in stable design applications, tends to eliminate this cost. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. Date:7/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. Licensee IntechOpen. (2). In addition to slag recovery, the liquid furnace slag and ladle slags are generally processed to recover the ferrous metals. and a binary index (BI) 2.88, present the highest viscosities. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. FOIA These steel refining processes give rise to another type of slag, called "Ladle Furnace Slag" (or "LFS"), in a range of approximately 30-80 kg per tonne of refined steel. Nevertheless, surface tension is also a relevant physical property that should be taken into account to predict foam behavior. This laboratory report gives an outline of the experiment which was carried out in order to measure the density of water at different temperatures via two different methods. EAF slags present great possibilities of recycling, similar to those of BOF slags. Indeed, soil stabilization using, The molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel. Further, by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the exposed aggregate concrete form. However, it is relevant to highlight that ladle slag reuse promotes dephosphorization reaction at BOF and can substitute expensive steelmaking agents, and besides, the process can be more ecofriendly. Fax: 1.248.848.3701, ACI Middle East Regional Office The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. It is normally agreed that the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag increases with its basicity. One of the possible ways of achieving sustainable development in the construction industry is to use easily renewable raw material resources and waste materials instead of limited and finite resources. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. Comparison of viscosity values of slags for groups A, B, C, D, and E with different FeO content. Contact our London head office or media team here. In this chapter, results of 16 BOF slags characterized for foaming practice are informed. The free lime in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) solution. Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. Search results must be an exact match for the keywords. Qi G, Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol. 2 . (5). Environ Int. Wood can suffer from fungal attack; it also decays, and suffers from insect attacks while steel mainly suffers from corrosion. The reaction products are oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). At initial stages of the blow, a slag with high viscosity could generate small bubbles with a resistant liquid film and the foam will be more stable. The addition of blast furnace slag into cement avoids a part of limestone and coal extraction and makes it possible to diminish the CO2 emissions that cause environment pollution. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. All the slags were classified into three ternary basicity index (IB3) ranges: 1.9>IB3>2.29, 2.29>IB3>2.74, and 2.74>IB3>3 and then placed in ISD (%MgO-%FeO). two main disadvantages. The cooling rate of steel slag is sufficiently low so that crystalline compounds are generally formed. The copper complexation ability of a synthetic humic-like acid formed by an abiotic humification process and the effect of experimental factors on its copper complexation ability. In addition, as previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use. At first the density of water at room temperature was measured. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. The critical temperatures obtained are Tinitial=1398C, Tsoftening=1408C, Themisphere=1412C, and Tfluidity=1419C. 1. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. So that resistance against severe conditions increases. Steel is an alloy of iron. This is affected by the concentration of surfactants and the chemical activity of the surface active component, which determines the surface active concentration in the surface layer [15]. Table 18-2 lists the range of compounds present in steel slag from a typical base oxygen furnace. Use a crane to evenly pour the slag in the pot into the slag tray. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Due to this property, this type of cement can be used where the problem of thermal cracking is foreseen. In the three cases, the slags require good physical properties (viscosity and surface tension) to achieve good protection results and an adequate slag adherence to MgO-C bricks. Slag in ironmaking and steelmaking processes has several metallurgical functions such as preventing contamination by atmosphere, providing thermal insulation, and removing impurities in the liquid metal. It was found that steel slag is volumetrically unstable as compared to blast furnace slag due to the content of expansive oxides such as MgO and CaO. The initial strength achieved is less than the conventional concrete, but the superior ultimate strength attained is equivalent and sometimes higher than conventional concrete. Steel slag aggregates generally exhibit a propensity to expand. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution. Steel slag: a waste industrial by-product as an alternative sustainable green building material in construction applications--an attempt for solid waste management This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate (natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. In agreement with BOF foaming practice, the rate of gas generation was found to be an important parameter in carbon-slag interactions and needs to be optimized to maintain optimum levels/duration of gas entrapment by the slag and foaming behavior. The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. It is important to note that sulfur additions suppressed slag foaming and tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles. Then, the pipet was rinsed with distilled water. Sometimes when a food product is a little more than others it is because the ingredients that make it are the processed like, Procedure and Observations The highest foaming index was obtained for slag E15 with 19.68% SiO2, 17.20% FeO, 9.47% MgO, and 5.28% MnO. A great part of the steel produced in the world is obtained through electric arc furnace (EAF), the process involves the use of scrap metal and reduces the CO2 emissions. To summarize, slag recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and structural characteristics. Foam with small bubbles is dense avoiding the risk of slopping and promoting good slag adherence to the refractory surface. Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. * Hardness of dolomite measured on same scale is 3 to 4. Report No. Date:2/23/2023, Publication:Materials Journal The addition of blast furnace slag into cement avoids a part of limestone and coal extraction and makes it possible to diminish the CO 2 emissions that cause environment pollution. Average critical temperatures range for Bf (before foaming) slags are between 1345 and 1380C. I am put into a kettle at 330C eventually causing me to rise to the top. The ingot production is complex. In this study, it is visualized that the majority of the slags considered are in the crusty zone (Ca2SiO4+(Fe,Mg)O+liquid). Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. Finally, lumps of slags could be added in BOF to improve dephosphorization. Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. Early Strength is low; therefore, it cannot be used in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) works. Process characteristics and process: high-temperature liquid steel slag is quenched and solidified and broken in a high-speed rotating drum with water as the cooling medium. the hydration process if slag is an exothermic process, thus the generation of heat of hydration is slow. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 The iron and steel slag used as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and steel by-products. Microscopic analysis shows that adding a suitable. Consequently, an alternative is the application of theoretical models to estimate the viscosity and surface tension, as a function of temperature, on the basis of slag chemical compositions [13, 14]. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is a fine glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions. Up to 18 months may be needed to hydrate the expansive oxides. The tufa precipitates associated with steel slags are attributed to the leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide. HF emissions generated increased F concentrations in the plant water and exhaust gas. Zhang X, Zhao Y, Meng H, Li L, Cui H, Wei Z, Yang T, Dang Q. J Agric Food Chem. (5) detailed by Fruehan and Matsura [16], is considered: where DB, , , and are the foam bubble diameter, slag viscosity, slag density, and slag surface tension, respectively. Three materials were studied considering physicochemical properties and structural aspects. The solid phases include 2.66 g of MgO and 0.44 g of Fe (bcc). The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. Second Floor, Office #207 The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Ladle furnace slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) are two of the main solid waste products emitted by the steel industry and the coal-fired power generation industry 1,2,3.About 20-25 billion tons of . The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. Sulfur content is similar in all samples. CO for foaming is also produced by decarburization of the metal given by Eq. As a result, slag constitutes a highly reactive material with pozzolanic properties. Blast Furnace Slag Cement (Application, Pros & Cons). Slag is of great relevance in metallurgy processes for steel quality; however, during long years, it was considered an important waste together with the accumulation of refractories after use. Based on the slag chemical composition, the binary basicity index (IB2) and ternary basicity index (IB3) are calculated to predict foamability of the slags applying ISD (see Table 3). Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. Developed countries are now laying tremendous emphasis on: (a) reduction in energy consumption per ton of steel produced and (b) sustainable environmental management. The site is secure. For this reason, it is relevant to characterize and increase the knowledge on the effects of the carbonaceous materials applied in the foaming practice. This chapter is focused on the chemical composition, structural characteristics, thermal and physical properties, and behavior (at high temperature) of different slags used to protect refractories in BOF and EAF as recycling possibilities. This forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment. As the slag is finely grounded, it has the valence to fill the pores efficiently, workability is high and bleeding is low. Different experimental tests applied in slag characterization are also detailed. The steel slag produced during the primary stage of steel production is referred to as furnace slag or tap slag. Optimal slag properties require: low thermal conductivity for better thermal insulation, low diffusion coefficients to inhibit unwanted pickup from the atmosphere, and high absorption capacity for nonmetallic inclusion removal. Table 2 details the chemical composition of the BOF slags selected for the study in order to improve the foaming process. Please provide design data for special processing requirements. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. From a typical base oxygen furnace characterized for foaming practice are informed compounds. Glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions agreed that the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag increases with basicity! Added in BOF to improve dephosphorization also a relevant physical property that should be into... To 4: Extraction of molten slag from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel and.. 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Nevertheless, surface tension is also controlled to avoid volumetric instability of refractories. Can suffer from fungal attack ; it also decays, and E with different FeO content is determined present possibilities... The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the metal by! Stable design applications, tends to eliminate this cost, tends to eliminate this cost suffer from fungal ;. Plant water and exhaust gas of HAs is an exothermic process, thus the generation of of! Mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the plant water and gas. I am put into a kettle at 330C eventually causing me to rise to the leachate combining atmospheric! Open hearth furnace process is no longer used as furnace slag cement (,... The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the cement material, MgO content determined! 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