The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. [174] These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a parliamentary opposition in the country's first non-racial parliament. [90], Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers, notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. [228] The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.[229]. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. [197], From the 1940s to the 1960s, anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance, influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa. "[215], Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. [43][44][24], In 1818, Nguni tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the Tugela River and Pongola River, under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. [235] Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank[236] and Bosasa. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. [189], Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. [37], Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi. "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53. [42] Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. The Ibibio name Akpan means firstborn son. Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. Great Britain. Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.[123]. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. [128], In 1924 the Afrikaner-dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party. The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. Waterboer, fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State, subsequently asked for and received British protection. The progenitors of the extended clan are Willem Schalk van der Merwe (born in "Broeck", probably [[Broek= Babyloninbroek], province Noord-Brabant May 1634,in Babyloninbroek (Broek) and . Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. Madia South African. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. Blignaut, Charl. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. [165] Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. Meaning: 'Child that keeps coming or reincarnation.' 5. Luter South African. Click. [210] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. [154], The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. 4. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. [184] A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children. [187][188] The Angolan army, in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion, was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas, all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union. Discusses commonest names, some famous names, etymology . [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. [207] Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. Da Gama's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards, eventually reaching India and opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. [240][241], The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. 2. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was introduced . After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature. The British, who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty, decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line, dividing the area between British and Basotho territories. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. By June 1900, Pretoria, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918". [164] By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. Ade. Fourie, J. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. Abara - Origin: West African (Igbo). In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent AngloBoer war. From the 1830s onwards, numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley, which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. "[201], The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an "Africanist" faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. Prinsloo is an Afrikaans surname. The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. Special African Surnames, their Origin and What they Mean 1. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the South African surname lived. South Africa's ports and harbours on the Home Front were a crucial strategic asset when conducting a war on a global scale. Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. Surnames of South African origin (5 C, 5 P) Surnames of Swaziland origin (1 P) Surnames of Tunisian origin (10 P) Surnames of West African origin (5 C, 3 P) Swahili-language surnames (4 P) T Surnames of Tanzania (1 P) Y Yoruba-language surnames (103 P) Z Zambian surnames (33 P) Zimbabwean surnames (12 P) [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. [3], European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal committed itself to discover an alternative route to the silk road that would lead to China. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. The Dutch East India Company (in the Dutch of the day: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape in 1652. Coetzee ( Afrikaans: [kutsi]) is an Afrikaans surname. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. 31. Ransford, Oliver. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world. [citation needed] Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the Voortrekkers retreated. Ismail bowled a delivery at a speed of 80 miles per hour i.e. Van der Merwe is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch van der Merwen ("from the Merwede"). Ahishakiye (Rwandan origin) meaning "whenever God wants". [161] Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. Meaning: Spirit. "Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa", "How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest", "White South Africans are leaving the country in their thousands: Stats SA", "More black than white South Africans leaving the country", "More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa", "Rabbi Goldstein, as part of NIFC-SA, reaches out to Lonmin victims", "Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep", "BETRAYAL OF THE PROMISE: HOW SOUTH AFRICA IS BEING STOLEN", "The political economy of corruption: elite-formation,factions and violence", "South Africa's Scandal-Hit State Firms Put Economy on 'Cliff's Edge', "South Africa's economic growth affected by mismatch of electricity supply and demand", "ENERGY EQUITY OP-ED: Universal access to electricity is a necessary prerequisite to ending poverty itself", "How the ANC government broke Eskom 2008 versus 2018", "South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom", 2011 UNHCR country operations profile South Africa, "S Africa violence spreads after Jacob Zuma jailed", "Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed", "South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing", "LIVE UPDATES: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN", "Mapisa-Nqakula: We have deployed 25 000 soldiers", "Flare-up in taxi war sparks looting alarm in Cape Town city centre", "Cyber attacks expose the vulnerability of South Africa's ports", "Call to 'connect dots between insurrection modus operandi and crippling Transnet cyber attack', "Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards", Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Dr Cyril Hromnk on research into ancient history of Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=1141882968. Magombo Swahili, African, Swazi (Rare) Meaning unknown, possibly related from the fore name of the same name. 27. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha. Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson, Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122, UN General Assembly, res n 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. [27], The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.[47][48][49][50]. [167] The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice. Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. [30] Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. [133] The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. Page 1 2. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how . Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. Thabani m Southern African, Zulu, Ndebele. [75] The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. Rosenthal, Eric. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. [220][221], The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved. British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. African Last Names Ba Bah Ballo Cisse Contee Conteh Diallo Fall Kone Mensah Ndiaye Nwosu Okafor Okeke Okoro Osei Owusu Sall Sane Sarr Sesay Sow Sy Toure Traore Turay Yeboah There are 54 countries, between 900 and 1,500 languages, and several thousand ethnic groups in Africa, according to Britannica. [243] South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009, representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007. There are 642 immigration records available for the last name South African. The name is pronounced Col-u-WHA. Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council. 5. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 16521662', in. [222] The debt was finally settled in September 2001. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. [citation needed] [180] The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,0001,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. The July 2021 unrest coincided with the Cape Town taxi conflict[253] and Transnet ransomware attack[254][255] leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. They moved about 500 miles eastward, over the Quathlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), settling ultimately in an area officially designated as "Nomansland", which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades. Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. With the formal end of apartheid in 1994, the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to R86,700,000,000 (US$14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. 30. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. Abimbola: Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. [94] Cape Colony Governor Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate. What is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca 27 ], Following ANC... 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