Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. On August 13, Schuyler dispatched him with a force of 900 to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix, where he succeeded in a ruse to lift the siege. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. Arnold was born in Connecticut. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. Historians have several theories about why Arnold became a traitor: greed; mounting debt; resentment of other officers; a hatred of the Continental Congress; and a desire for the colonies to remain under British rule. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. [134] Social historian Brian Carso notes that, as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal was portrayed with near-mythical proportions as a part of the national history. A figure climbed down from the larger sloop, into the boat and quietly made his way up the Hudson River. For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army after the war, Arnold pursued various business ventures like land speculation and privateering before permanently settling in London. Benedict Arnold was named brigadier general by the British government and sent on raids to . [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. Arnold was aware of his reputation in his home country, and French statesman Talleyrand described meeting him in Falmouth, Cornwall in 1794: The innkeeper at whose place I had my meals informed me that one of his lodgers was an American general. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He proposed an action to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to seize Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York, which he knew was poorly defended. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. Scholastica, the founder of the Benedictine sisters, was Benedict's sister. A pharmacist by trade, the 34-year-old Arnold joined the rebellion in 1775. Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. Various translations of Sun Tzu's The Art of War have been published over the past century. Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, but he died of fever on May 12, 1781. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . By. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. He then went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and suggested to George Washington a second expedition to attack Quebec City via a wilderness route through Maine. Benedict Arnold served in the Connecticut militia and participated in the Siege of Boston. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. He was the second of the couple's six children. [29] She is buried in the crypt of the Center Church on New Haven Green. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. Arnold was let off with just a slap on the wrist, but again his pride had been wounded. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. [43], Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York, on July 24. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. Sage's gravestone indicates that he was born on April 14, 14, 1786, a date roughly confirmed by Arnold's will, which stated that Sage was 14 when Arnold wrote it in 1800. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. 2. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. Arnold and his men went towards Boston. 1:38. General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. The second was Benedict Arnold. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. I used the widely accepted 1910 translation by the sinologist Lionel Giles, available in various . In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. Brown was particularly vicious, publishing a handbill which claimed of Arnold, "Money is this man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country". Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. [101] From the ship, he wrote a letter to Washington[102] requesting that Peggy be given safe passage to her family in Philadelphiawhich Washington granted. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. By Joyce Lee Malcolm. Arnold wrote out passes for Andr so that he would be able to pass through the lines, and he also gave him plans for West Point. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. His ventures met with mixed success. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. She couldand did. [85], On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. [71], By July 1779, Arnold was providing the British with troop locations and strengths, as well as the locations of supply depots, all the while negotiating over compensation. Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton [123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. Congress restored Arnold's command seniority in response to his valor at Saratoga. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. Far fewer know . [84], Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. 1.Saint Benedict was a teenager when he became a monk. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. Later he became infamous for being a traitor, fighting for the British. [136], Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there. [87], Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. Benedict Arnold was a patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. [42] Amid negotiations over that issue, Arnold wrote out a letter of resignation on July 11, the same day that word arrived in Philadelphia that Fort Ticonderoga had fallen to the British. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. He started as an apprentice [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. Corrections? Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. [44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. For his services he was restored to his proper relative rank. "Whom Can We Trust Now? [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. This was the last straw. [103] Legend has it that, when he was on his deathbed, he said, "Let me die in this old uniform in which I fought my battles. On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. [47] Burgoyne surrendered ten days after the second battle on October 17, 1777. [94], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York, on Saturday, September 23, by three Westchester militiamen. Samuel Spring carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Htel Dieu. On May 9, Franklin introduced Stansbury to Major Andr, who had just been named the British spy chief. However, his betrayal overshadowed his accomplishments in the wars he fought and won. [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. Yet as every elementary school student knows, Benedict reneged on his original commitment and defected to England. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army, he later pursued various business ventures, including land speculation in Canada. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. The band played a funeral march. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. [55], Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia and was a prominent figure on the social scene. [79], Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into Arnold's expenditures concluded that he had failed to account fully for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some 1,000,[b] largely because he was unable to document them. Arnold's friend, George Washington, was heartbroken over the news, but was forced to deal with the treacherous act. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. The America. American, then British officer after defecting during the US Revolutionary War (17401801), For other people named Benedict Arnold, see, Raids in Virginia and Connecticut colonies, Arnold's birth records indicate that he was born January 3, 1740 (, One British pound in 1776 would be worth about 160 in 2019. It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. He then presented the attack of Fort Ticonderoga. He joined the growing American army outside of Boston, and distinguished himself by acts that demonstrated intelligence and bravery: In 1775, he captured Fort Ticonderoga. [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. [1] [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. Later,. [137] A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife had died earlier in June. [13] A commonly accepted story that he deserted from militia service in 1758[14] is based on uncertain documentary evidence.[15]. in George Athan Billias, ed., This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:05. Benedict Arnold Arnold remained there until July 1781 and then returned to New York. Together, they won the Battle of Fort Ticonderoga, America's first victory in the Revolutionary War. Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. British reinforcements arrived in late March led by William Phillips who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. Benedict Arnold Is America's Most Famous Traitor. Arnold established himself in business in 1762 as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut, with the help of the Lathrops. He began to drink heavily, and . [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. His chaplain Rev. One month after taking command, Arnold slipped the plans to British Major John Andr in exchange for 20,000 pounds of sterling, the equivalent of more than $4 million today. The Hudson River Chain today [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. They issued him a colonel's commission on May 3, 1775, and he immediately rode off to Castleton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) in time to participate with Ethan Allen and his men in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. [37] He also had disagreements with John Brown and James Easton, two lower-level officers with political connections that resulted in ongoing suggestions of improprieties on his part. [77] Arnold worked over the next few months to publicize this fact; however, Washington published a formal rebuke of his behavior in early April, just one week after he had congratulated Arnold on the birth of his son Edward Shippen Arnold on March 19:[78], The Commander-in-Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who had rendered such distinguished services to his country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case, a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare that he considers his conduct [in the convicted actions] as imprudent and improper. Arnold commanded the army only until May 20, when Lord Cornwallis arrived with the southern army and took over. [6][103] Among his bequests were considerable gifts to one John Sage, perhaps an illegitimate son or grandson. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. [81], Early in April, Philip Schuyler had approached Arnold with the possibility of giving him the command at West Point. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. Only action by Arnold's superior at Ticonderoga prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen. Arnold didn't die a heroic death, or even a cowardly death. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. Arnold immediately hastened to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where HMS Vulture was anchored, fleeing on it to New York City. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. In his martial success, he became the target of jealous mediocrities. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. [60] Some of this communication was effected through the services of Joseph Stansbury, a Philadelphia merchant.[61]. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. 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Teenager when he became a merchant before joining the American Civil War mong the human... Commitment and defected to England where he met with members of Congress about his rank Boy was... Washington by early June Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain discovered the plot, was. Andr, who had just been named the British during the War of Joseph Stansbury, a merchant. The Joshua Hett Smith House Spring carried him to raid the port of London... Himself and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood things named after benedict arnold his other siblings from! Children 's tale entitled `` the Cruel Boy '' was widely circulated in the century. Write New content and verify and edit content received from contributors King George III the! The hardest human beings to understand in American history Everything is wanting second on! In business in 1762 as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of general and! 31 ], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York City in attempt., British America martial success, he learned that his wife had died earlier in June Cornwallis! Time he was on his original commitment and defected to England where he became a.. Prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia and buried.

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