[383] Charles III is the King of New Zealand and the head of state. Oceania's subregions of Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia cover two major plates; the Australian Plate (also known as the Indo-Australian Plate) and the Pacific Plate, in addition to two minor plates; the Nazca Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. Australian forces attacked German New Guinea in September 1914. [208] Moreover, a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was discovered and settled as recently as 1200.[209]. Excluded under most definitions of Oceania are the Pacific landmasses of Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Japanese archipelago, which are all on the margins of Asia, as well as the Aleutian Islands and other Alaskan or Canadian islands. [84] Aside from mainland Australia, areas that she identified as of high importance were Borneo, Hawaii, Indonesia's Java and Sumatra, New Guinea, New Zealand, the Philippines, French Polynesia's Society Islands, Tasmania, and Tonga. Estimated Population 2020-2050 Estimated Population Estimated Median Age Estimated Urban / Rural Oceania demographics 2022 km of land area) - Oceania. A more common definition excludes the Ryukyu, Kuril, and Aleutian islands and the Japan archipelago. [216][217], French Catholic missionaries arrived on Tahiti in 1834; their expulsion in 1836 caused France to send a gunboat in 1838. The islands are continental crust fragments thrusted away from Australia, caused by breakup of the eastern margin of Gondwanaland. [331][332] Auckland is home to over half (51.6 percent) of New Zealand's overseas born population, including 72 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 64 percent of its Asian-born population, and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African born population. Britain also established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire. Although the territories of Oceania are mostly insular,the desert regions constitute the most abundant, to the point that 40% of its total surface is covered by sand dunes. Chai, Makana Risser. Fewer than 6.5 million in all, the peoples of Oceania possess a vast repository of cultural traditions and ecological adaptations. Fiji has a multiparty system with the Prime Minister of Fiji as head of government. [126] The book defined Oceania's major subregions as being Australia, Indonesia (which included all areas associated with the Malay archipelago), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. CSIRO Publishing. Their language was named after them. ", The Global Financial Centres Index 14 (September 2013), 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook, "Industry sector of employment | Australia | Community profile", "The 23 cities with the best quality of life in the world", "Vienna tops Mercer's 19th Quality of Living ranking", "Foreign owners muscle in as New Zealand sells off all its assets", "New Zealand rated most business-friendly", "Page 10 External diversification after 1966", "Triennial Central Bank Survey, April 2013", "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands", "Honolulu ranked 2nd safest city in America", "Tourism and Migration Statistics Visitor Arrivals by Usual Country of Residence (19952001)", "Tourism Satellite Account 201415:Key Figures", "5249.0 Australian National Accounts: Tourism Satellite Account, 201011", "Factsheet New Zealand Political Forces", "New Zealand Legislation: Royal Titles Act 1974", "The first wave of Australian feature film production", "Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve", "Avo smash and flat whites bringing the Aussie vibe to New York", "Modern Australian recipes and Modern Australian cuisine", "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii", "World famous in New Zealand: Hobbiton Movie Set", "Government and nation National holidays", "ICC Cricket World Cup facts with list of winners and host countries", "Australian rules football (sport) Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Rugby World Cup final: South Africa break records and beat All Blacks to milestones", "Warren Gatland failed to learn lessons of 2015 | Graham Price", "Rugby League Football 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand", "southern hemisphere sides are a class apart", "Nauru AFL team to play in International Cup", "Football in Australia Australia's Culture Portal", "AFL still fourth-best attended sporting competition in the world", "Meet Pohnpei: the Pacific islanders battling to become FIFA's 212th member", "The Associate Members of OFC 0:3 for football", "The Marshall Islands: The last country on Earth without a football team The Athletic", "Guam Football Association | History of GFA", "Australia World Cup is a long way away", "American Samoa finally get 17-year monkey off their back", "Australia set world record with 22-0 win over Tonga", " Australia: sports participants by type 2020", "National Sporting Agenda Announcement | Commonwealth Games Australia", "Brisbane2032 | About Queensland and its government | Queensland Government", "Australia and New Zealand to compete in Pacific Games", "Australian Open | tennis tournament | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceania&oldid=1141815068, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Use Australian English from February 2016, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles to be expanded from October 2018, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:30. "[147], In Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide (2013), George R. Zug claimed that "a standard definition of Oceania includes Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand and the oceanic islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia." The number of its inhabitants is approximately 34,300,000(according to the 2010 census), a figure that is increasing due to the substantial difference in the birth rate (21%) and death rate (9%). [67] This is due to their location in the center of the Pacific, their biogeography and their oceanic geology. [177][67] The World Factbook define Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Antarctica, while placing Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands as the westernmost extent of Oceania. In the Galpagos group also more than half of the species are of local origin. [447] It has a large following in Papua New Guinea, where it is the second most popular sport after Rugby League. [56][57], The new terms Near Oceania and Remote Oceania were proposed in 1973 by anthropologists Roger Green and Andrew Pawley. The Pacific theatre saw major action during the Second World War, mainly between Allied powers the United States, Philippines (a U.S. Commonwealth at the time) and Australia, and Axis power Japan. With migrants comprising approximately 22 per cent of the population, the region far outstrips global averages. Native languages of Oceania fall into three major geographic groups: Colonial languages include English in Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and many other territories; French in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna; Japanese in the Bonin Islands;[64] and Spanish on Easter Island and the Galpagos Islands. [67] The UN's definition of this subregion also includes Australia's Indian Ocean external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. In some islands of Chilean sovereignty, such as Easter Island, Spanish is spoken. Spanish and Dutch explorers followed, then British and French. [210], In the quest for Terra Australis, Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirs, sailed to Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos, and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, named after navigator Lus Vaz de Torres. Webster broke Oceania up into two subdivisions; the continental group, which included Australia, the Japanese archipelago, the Malay archipelago and Taiwan, and the oceanic group, which included New Zealand and the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The national government (malo) generally controls the legislative assembly. The ancient Chamorro left a number of megalithic ruins, including Latte stone. Flick estimated this definition of Oceania had a population of 70,000,000, and commented that, "brown and yellow races constitute the vast majority" and that the minority of whites were mainly "owners and rulers". The highest level of the sport is the Australian Football League (AFL), which was the fourth best attended sporting league in the world during the 2010s. [89] New Zealand were categorized by him as being in Polynesia; and the only country in his definition of Australasia was Australia. In 1519, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan sailed down the east coast of South America, found and sailed through the strait that bears his name and on 28 November 1520 entered the ocean which he named "Pacific". The name Oceaniacomes from the Greekokeanos, which translates ocean, and was coined in 1812 by the Danish geographer Conrad Malte-Brun, although it is known from its native (Austronesian)culturesas early as the 2nd century BC Spanish and Portuguese navigators they were the first Europeans to arrive in the area, a prelude to a mainly French, British and then American colonization. [89], The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society stated in 1892 that Australia was a large island within Oceania rather than a small continent. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years. [64] Todd further included the Aleutian Islands in his definition of Oceania. The Indonesia subdivision consisted of the islands of the Malay archipelago, while the non-tropical islands were categorized as being North Pacific islands such as Alaska's Kodiak archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, Japan, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. "[143] In his 1993 book A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands, New Guinea-born Fijian scholar Epeli Hauofa wrote that, "Pacific Ocean islands from Japan, through the Philippines and Indonesia, which are adjacent to the Asian mainland, do not have oceanic cultures, and are therefore not part of Oceania. This is in spite of the geographical distance separating these areas from Hawaii, which technically lies in the North Pacific. In the region the main urban agglomerations are Melbourne . 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