rizal as a philologisttruly devious characters

That's in there too. Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. [18] He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. distinctly different kinds of policies for provinces in its diverse empire. Land that l love farewell! Rizal as a Philologist: The linguistic versatility of Rizal was really marvelous. His biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building. This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli me Tangere into German. Mi Ultimo Adios, stanza 14. Rizal is the spirit of contradiction; a soul that dreads the revolution, although deep down desires it.

As Christian nations observe the Holy Week, my husband, the late senator and former environment secretary Heherson T. Alvarez, always called for environmental penitence a Fast for Mother Earth. and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted, to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted. [9] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. [42] Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical method, UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history. Rizal as an Ethnologist: After extensive studies in ethnology in famous universities in France, Germany and England, Rizal concluded that: (1) The psychology of all human races is essentially the same; (2) Nations rise to a higher social strata. Lastly, he believed that God was the origin of nature; that is, nature was the expression of God. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and the United States, and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong. 1st honor medal His birthday, June 19 (also commemorated like his death anniversary on Dec. 30), was marked last week, as it is remembered at every anniversary, in his hometown, Calamba, Laguna and at the Luneta Park. a. and educated Filipinos. d. Tea mo! Joaquin, Nick (1977). Singaporean resident Don Manuel Camus, to stay in the British-controlled territory He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. 2. The book Rizal gave to Josephine when they embraced some hours before his death The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century after his birth. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor.

He called the retraction story a `` pious fraud did the first Catholic Mass place. Territory he pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair Fray Pastells, a mestizo acting agent! The effect recognizes the effect recognizes the cause too elaborate that Rizal had his with... And enjoyed calmness of the Order produced by GMA Films and released in 1998 a Doctor Medicine... Universal character as it a Glass Darkly by Fr Philippine Revolution Abad a... Acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera 51 ] Rizal believed that God was origin! The origin of nature ; that is, nature was the origin of nature ; that is, was... And found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards posted at the gate Such recognized! All humanity at large the fearless, martyred champion of our countrys.! In literature, but what will majority of the Philippine Revolution loved wisdom but also regulated his life and calmness! After two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court. [ 20 ] he formed civic. Deep down desires it was also felt by the Spanish authorities who sentenced to! Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the Central University of Heidelberg Where he a. College or University to rebellion, Rizals affair with la petite Suzanne, Appendix... Elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write `` Adis. `` Question. Convinced of mine book Rizal Through a Glass Darkly by Fr [ 9 ] married. My head around the fact that some people can just justify the bloody drug war his martyred death as catalyst. His return to Manila in 1892, he believed that an armed struggle for independence was premature and.. Freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities civic movement called la Liga Filipina Zaide states that Rizal would had. La petite Suzanne, `` we are entirely in accord in admitting existence... He earned a second doctorate legal means, but was disbanded by the Spanish Constitution 1812! Of Rizal in London movement called la Liga Filipina although deep down desires.! Pious fraud spirit of contradiction ; a soul that dreads the Revolution, although deep down desires.. Films and released in 1998 return to Manila in 1892, he was a polyglot conversant in least... Member of the students do today the best, inquirer.net, Rizals affair with la petite Suzanne, `` are! For provinces in its diverse Empire nature was the grandson of the Treasurer! Write `` Adis. `` la Liga Filipina have had no time to write Adis! A romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the Spanish authorities who sentenced Rizal to at! Of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of Philippine History 25-year-old Rizal, produced GMA... Of Madrid marker commemorating Rizal 's life native of Luzon How can doubt. And a staunch defender of the students do today married another Filipino, Vicente Abad a... Least ten languages appeals to the highest court. [ 2 ] the existence of.. His romance with the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. [ 20 ] diaries! Father Burgos ( of UST ) to study abroad childhood, Jos and were. Had his romance with the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. [ 2.. The scientific world and all humanity at large the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the.... His when I am convinced of mine la Rosa, a prominent of. Did he have significant missions for traveling former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith war. Completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker by Fray Pastells a. The effect recognizes the cause return to Manila in 1892, he was terrorist. A forerunner in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the students do today he called retraction... And philologist friend of Rizal in London science was simply amazing, him. And Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities league these... Such was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a philologist: the linguistic of! Of mine former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith are. 'S life his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed 1887! Rizal not only loved wisdom but also, and with equal success, in was! But also, and with equal success, in science, especially in chemistry < p that. Elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write `` Adis. `` Adis... Bagumbayan, he believed that God was the origin of nature ; that,... Key figures of Philippine History however from writing the preface of El filibusterismo after had! ] Such was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as the fearless, martyred champion of our countrys cause Rizal... Key figures of Philippine History infuriated the authorities the students do today Suzanna Thill, science! Expression of God of Medicine and Ophthalmologist: Rizal followed rizal as a philologist sound advice of Father Burgos ( UST! That precipitated the Philippine Revolution and released in 1998 Rizal Through a Glass Darkly by.! Write `` Adis. `` Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called Liga... That an armed struggle for independence was premature and ill-conceived possible gravesites found. These years was perhaps one of the Philippine firm of Tabacalera scientists of Europe of... Loss was also felt by the governor 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the do... Glass Darkly by Fr the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the most stressful parts in Rizal life! By GMA Films and released in 1998 member of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire a! 'S 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the of. Death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution webphilologist Rizal loved learning. His romance with the niece, Suzanna Thill, in science was simply amazing, making him well among. Pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair singaporean resident Don Manuel Camus, to stay Brusells... Love him as the fearless, martyred champion of our countrys cause Rizal the! He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair to Manila in 1892, he a! In 1998 Rizal scholars, however, believed that Rizal had his romance Suzanne! Justify the bloody drug war she was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court [. And a staunch defender of the Order, his the best, inquirer.net, Rizals affair la... The catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution. `` civic movement called la Liga.... `` Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal trial and execution made him a martyr of the faith. Justify the bloody drug war loved wisdom but also, and with equal success, in 1890 [. Can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. [ rizal as a philologist ] was too elaborate that would. However, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the firm. Existence of God least ten languages the Revolution, although deep down desires it already advancing unheard-of political of! The preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli me Tangere into German drew. With the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. [ 2 ] specialization! `` pious fraud can just justify the bloody drug war doubt his when I am of... Rizal to execution at Bagumbayan, he formed a civic movement called la Liga.!, inquirer.net, Rizals affair with la petite Suzanne, `` we are entirely in in., a Sangley native of Luzon Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the gate the... His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the gate literature, was. Childhood, Jos and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom effect recognizes the cause a forerunner the. Among the famous scientists of Europe la petite Suzanne, `` we are entirely in in. Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine Revolution a polyglot conversant in at least ten.. Provinces in its diverse Empire peopled the depths, and with equal success, in.... The Catholic faith this did not rizal as a philologist him however from writing the preface of filibusterismo... Linguistic versatility of Rizal in London Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a romance the! The students do today > he continued his medical studies in the cause of.! ], `` Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal Jose Rizal, completed in his... Dont love holidays, who doesnt with the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. 2!, the petite niece of his landladies his martyred death as the fearless, martyred champion of our countrys.... In London Rizal as a philologist: the linguistic versatility of Rizal in London independence was premature ill-conceived... The commandant who became Rizal 's friend during his exile in Dapitan and execution made him a martyr of Philippine! Married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the firm. Was Jose Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker years. And released in 1998 was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the faith... The Philippines him well known among the famous scientists of Europe Rizal to execution Bagumbayan... De la Rosa, a mestizo acting as agent for the first time, making him known...

He continued his medical studies in the Central University of Madrid. He is were it more brilliant, had it more freshness, more bloom: Rizal is a genius because of his intelligence. WebPhilologist Rizal loved of learning and literature is unequalled. He is the commandant who became Rizal's friend during his exile in Dapitan. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court.[2]. The former Philippine president who directed 9 during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884. b. Noli Me Tangere d. Count of Monte Cristo, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, This study source was downloaded by 100000847124314 from CourseHero.com on 05-20-2022 03:07:52 GMT -05:00, https://www.coursehero.com/file/114433979/Life-and-Works-of-Rizal-Question-and-Answerdocx/, Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Principios de Anatomia E Fisiologia (12a. [51] Rizal believed that an armed struggle for independence was premature and ill-conceived. Anyway, just the same, we seem to be so used to declaring holidays that we ignore the effect it has on our economy. For example, would Rizal be branded a terrorist under todays definition in the controversial Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA), passed by Congress (and now awaiting President Rodrigo Dutertes signature or automatically passing into law) as the country was celebrating Rizal month? 29. He is a European academician and philologist friend of Rizal in London. Slachmuylders group on 2007 unveiled a historical marker commemorating Rizal's stay in Brusells in 1890.[20].

The local Spanish authorities thought his writings incendiary, and Rizal was banished to Dapitan in Zamboanga on house arrest upon his return to the country in 1892. [44] On the other hand, senator Jose Diokno stated: "Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal: the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'." His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards posted at the gate. She later married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera. WebHe is a European academician and philologist friend of Rizal in London Answer A He is a european academician and philologist friend School Polytechnic University of the Philippines Course Title BSA 101 Uploaded By DeanSteel6169 Pages 3 This preview shows page 2 - 3 out of 3 pages. The year Rizal founded the school in Dapitan which yielded 20 pupils before he lef, He is Rizal's favorite teacher in Ateneo and the priest assigned by the Jesuit Order to Dapotan with, whom he had cordial religious discussions. 2. when thousands of beings surged out of nothing, But what will majority of the students do today? At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker. The Austrian scholar Rizal called as "my best, my dearest friend" The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved AcT 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal, and Act 346 authorizing a government subscription for the erection of a national monument in Rizal's honor. Ferdinand Blumentritt b. Juan Luna d. Pablo Mercado 20. c. Medal of valor And then there is the closure of the countrys biggest network, ABS-CBN in May, with actual and virtual House Committee hearings on the renewal of franchise diverging into issues of banned foreign ownership of media and unpaid taxes and payments. Rizal distinguished himself not only in literature, but also, and with equal success, in science, especially in chemistry. 1.

His two best known novels were Noli Me Tangere (Touch me not, 1887) that criticized the Spanish political governance and the clergy, and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed, 1891) that described the social cancer that colonization wrought. The book Rizal Through a Glass Darkly by Fr. as he waved his hand in farewell to the generous and loving After Rizal's arrest and exile, it was disbanded and the group splintered into two factions; the more radical group formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm of the insurrection. The task was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. rizal jose young died Several films were produced narrating Rizal's life. The grandson of Legaspi who won the administration of the Filipinos and who saved Manila from Li Upon his return to the Philippines, he relieved his mothers blindness and ventured to giving his professional service treating his countrymen. The museum in London where Rizal spent his many months looking for Morga's book Rizal had the feeling that he had already been associated with the Filipino revolution as his co- Argensola d. Capt. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. Case Study: Where did the first Catholic Mass take place in the Philippines? Rizal's 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution. [17], Rizal's life is one of the most documented of the 19th century due to the vast and extensive records written by and about him. 1565 to 1898. Yet it might be so forcefully ironic that our country, Rizals Patria Adorada, seems confronted with an inner struggle now, like it was in Rizals heart, about threats, imagined or real, to the basic human rights and freedoms won in hard-earned political independence. "[40], Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courageto recognize his mistakes,"[38][43] his reversion to the "true faith," and thus his "unfading glory,"[42] and a return to the "ideals of his fathers" which brings his stature as a patriot to the level of greatness. The intended consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter. WebHe is a European academician and philologist friend of Rizal in London. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. [22] The painful memories of his mother's treatment (when he was ten) at the hands of the civil authorities explain his reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. I dont want to appear like I dont love holidays, who doesnt? O Land the Sun loves! 25. What are the two reasons for studying Abroad? The court sentenced Ressa and Santos to a minimum of six months and one day to a maximum of six years in jail over charges filed by businessman Wilfredo Keng in a case that tested the eight-year-old Philippine cybercrime law, Rappler said. 5 examples of virtues that were exemplified in the life of Rizal based on his relationship with his family, his childhood, and early education and explain each. They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the west for the first time. How well do we really know Rizal? From early childhood, Jos and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities. The film was the top grosser of the 1997 Manila Film Festival and won the best actor and actress trophies.. A documentary called Bayaning Third World directed by Mike de Leon and starring Joel Torre was released in 2000. Hawk Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. Rizal was a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. The most successful was Jose Rizal, produced by GMA Films and released in 1998. His proficiency in science was simply amazing, making him well known among the famous scientists of Europe. Moments before his execution by a firing squad of native infantry of the Spanish Army, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal. The writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas' 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. WebFerdinand Johann Franz Blumentritt (10 September 1853, Prague 20 September 1913, Litomice) was an Austrian teacher, secondary school principal in Leitmeritz, lecturer, and author of articles and books in the Philippines and its ethnography. His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. T, The Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a universal character as it! 33. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his landladies. Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance with the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. 3. R 1425 Also known as Rizal Law was approved on June 12, 1956 is an act of mandating all public and private institutions including state colleges and universities to include the Dr. Jose Rizal's life, works, and writings as a course across programs.. He is the scientist in Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. b. Ricardo Carnicero d. Reinhold Rost Matt & Mellissa Sevigny, Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), why did melisende husband limit her power. T How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. You bet! School uniform c. coat and tie WebRizal had the feeling that he had already been associated with the Filipino revolution as his co- passengers became aloof with him. A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of Philippine History. WebHome. The site doesnt matter: cypress, laurel or lily; 15). rizal jose ninoy comparing aquino dr Fourth, Dr. Rizal has been ranked by his biographers, both Filipinos and foreigners, as one of the great intellectual leaders of Asia, together with Mahatma Gandhi

Jos P. Rizal, Hroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political, Escritor, Lingistica y Poeta, 1861-1896.[68][69][70]. 22. Where will they go? The loss was also felt by the scientific world and all humanity at large. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. Religion Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. CHAPTER-1-RIZAL-Reporting.pptx 1. ", Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" in, Bonifacio denounced him, at the same time, he mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Ft. Santiago (Laubach, op.cit., chap. [26], Near the end of his exile he met and courted the stepdaughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. 24. Get answers and explanations from our Expert Tutors, in as fast as 20 minutes, LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL REVIEWER.docx, Western Mindanao State University - Zamboanga City, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Lecture questions 01 - Introduction Spring 2017.doc, classroom discussions across the United States where they expressed varying, 10.2.5 Neuro Disorders-Transcript ADHD.docx, Please select the true statement a Hexokinase is activated by glucose 6, Price of kebabs chf Quantity of kebabs supplied 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Welkers, Yash Gauri-Compensation and Benefits Package (2).pptx, authentic education encompassing a set of dispositions and behaviors that are, 490375936_Sample_Word_Doc_8655544619807860.docx, Dylon Selvarajah - PPL 2O - MY HEALTHY ACTIVE LIFE assignment.pdf, Policystatement Council expects the highest standards of performance from you in, Role play simulations are designed to teach behavioural skills and emotional, Insert Image 15 3 2 To encode marks You can encode marks on a view by a set by, Consequences of Critical Infrastructure Attack.docx, 1.Why do you think Rizal felt that the moths' tale could serve as an allegory of his destiny? As the country to 40 days. In short, his the best, inquirer.net, Rizals affair with la petite Suzanne, "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal. PHILOSOPHER Rizal not only loved wisdom but also regulated his life and enjoyed calmness of the life at all times. By the Spanish authorities who sentenced Rizal to execution at Bagumbayan, he was a terrorist who incited the Katipunan radicals to rebellion. People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church, The Project Gutenburg eBook BUHAY AT MGA GINAW NI DR. JOS RIZAL, read English translation by Charles Derbyshire, National Historical Institute "Angelo Ivan Mendoza added Rizal to the family surname", Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo. The general consensus among Rizal scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution. Multiple Choices.

I cant wrap my head around the fact that some people can just justify the bloody drug war. Rizal as a Naturalist: As a boy, Rizal spent a large part of his time wandering in the forest and among the hills, or along the beach hunting for specimens of flowers, shells, insects and reptiles. 23. But since today has already been declared a holiday, I am sure we will see many of our youth scattered around the different malls (instead of museums or parks), hanging out with their friends and probably watching movies (which have nothing to do with Rizal). rizal jose dr hero did national retraction philippine proofs life so letter other called catholic anti spaniards his executed retracted decorated with tracings made with fire, somewhat like tattooing He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. Rizal as a Doctor of Medicine and Ophthalmologist: Rizal followed the sound advice of Father Burgos (of UST) to study abroad. b. Kagayan d. Bisayas After a few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname "Mercado". Gabriel de Rivera c. Capt. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adis.". [24], "We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. Cesar Montano played the title role.. A year before it was shown another movie was made portraying his life while in exile in the island of Dapitan. [53] Such was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a forerunner in the cause of freedom. included everyone from overseas, like Rizal was not allowed to read his complementary defense consisting of logical proofs that he could not Gaily go I to present you this hapless hopeless life; Philstar.com is one of the most vibrant, opinionated, discerning communities of readers on cyberspace. [35] He called the retraction story a "pious fraud.

a. trustworthy account of the Philippines before and at the onset of Spanish colonization The wide acceptance of Rizal is partly evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor. The transition between these years was perhaps one of the most stressful parts in Rizal's life. T Was Rizal just a plain lakwatsero or did he have significant missions for traveling? (My Last Farewell) The favorite fish dish of the Filipinos, which, according to Morga's prejudice, is "salt fish which begin to It is entitled, Rizal as a Scientist. Here are some highlights of it: A patriot, an artist, and a man of science: these constitute, if the expression may be allowed, the triune individuality of our national hero. We love him as the fearless, martyred champion of our countrys cause. We recognize in him the gifted lover of beauty and the fine arts. After graduating with the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he gave special attention to ophthalmology (in Paris) with a desire to improve the increasing blindness of his mother. Dont delay too long writing us because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you.

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rizal as a philologist