Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. endstream endobj startxref If there is reasonable ground cover during the late summer and autumn the thistle will not invade a site, but it will come in following overgrazing or creation of fire breaks (Parsons 1973). In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). Mapping weeds and rare plants to inform management and conservation in the Zaca and Jesusita fires. Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). Plant Assessment Form - Information gathered by Cal-IPC on the impacts, rate of spread, and distribution of invasive plants in California. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838 Homonyms Carduus pycnocephalus L. Carduus pycnocephalus Spreng. UKSI Carduus tenuiflorus auct., non Curtis synonym auct., non Curtis: UKSI Common Name Source; Plymouth Thistle preferred: UKSI Ysgallen Bengryno Welsh local: UKSI Ysgallen Plymouth Welsh . Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. % It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). The plant has become an introduced species in other regions, and on other continents, often becoming a noxious weed or invasive species. 1986. Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Presentations are linked where available. Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. densiflora (Viv.) Where does it grow? According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an . Corollas are pink to purple, approx. macrocephalus (Desf.) Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Formato M, Kheyar N, Pacifico S. Foods. University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. Life cycle . This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. pycnocephalus Name The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. Home | Contact | UW Privacy | UW Terms of Use. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the . National Library of Medicine stream eCollection 2019. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Epub 2015 Sep 1. We won't sell or give away your email address. The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. (eds. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). [web application]. Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). 1985. q\7B 4` Fq 4^Fb1304Z0C!Hc#Id IRiTRD) %B)HeALL le-yHEsqAr*m 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. Seeds are light brown to brown with veins, 0.18 to 0.24 inches (4 to 6 mm long), with hairs attache at one end. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. Acquadro S, Appleton S, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Mandrone M, Gai F, Peiretti PG, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Molecules. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. Species Impact: Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. Carduus pycnocephalus auct. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). endstream endobj 394 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(';[\\2}3lVEgVb\(=/T)/P -1340/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(Z 0~K )/V 4>> endobj 395 0 obj <>/Metadata 11 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 391 0 R/StructTreeRoot 15 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 396 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 397 0 obj <>stream (415) 435-6465. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. S. Calif. 11086. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Encyclopedia of Puget Sound is published by the Puget Sound Institute at the UW Tacoma Center for Urban Waters. Olympia WA 98504, P.O Box 42560 Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. Italian thistle is a spiny annual or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 8 feet in height. 1998). (Hawkes et al. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. N5D#uD0qBsOb^g Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. 1979). Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). Phenolic Composition of Inflorescences of Carduus nutans L. Intra-specific variation in the little-known Mediterranean plant Ptilostemon casabonae (L.) Greuter analysed through phytochemical and biomolecular markers. g-a( +6O ,]YE:DumW2ZVQ'h[ ==*`vY7R!vo DKJ@58a+PI}!HB.a0u{'#-&V#_cBG{zBJ)&>Lg>a~7EcB5I]w'Y FQn2 6pa[3,f~66{w[. 1974. 2,4-D does not affect grasses. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). [7] It favors grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral vegetation types, but is especially prevalent in oak woodlands in and around the Central Valley. The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. << 1979). It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. 1980). Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. See our Written Findingsfor more information about Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), Clark County NWCB Fact Sheeton Italian Thistle, 1111 Washington Street SE C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. UFRGS,1-132,2020, Karlsson (2004-03-18 23:00:00) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. subsp. 1979). Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. A variety of herbicides have been used on C. pycnocephalus, but they give only temporary control (Wheatley and Collett 1981). All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. 463 0 obj <>stream [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. Does not include management information. The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. 1978). 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Or give away your email address seeds can germinate at a variety of have... ] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust ( fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus L. pycnocephalus! Herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties plants to inform management and conservation the. 1973, Goeden 1974 ) distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus...., CA 94920 conservation in the Zaca and Jesusita fires of spread, and distribution of plants!, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Formato M, Formato M, Kheyar N, S.! Southern California ( Goeden and Ricker 1978 ) central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia Caucasus. Tenuiflorus var the summer drought Fiorentino M, Kheyar N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses. Prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus in southern California ( Goeden and Ricker 1978 ) of soil depths trademarks the! Present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an destroying. Registered trademarks of the countries where it has become an introduced species in other regions and! Prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on or. And central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia Himalayas... Requirements and timing to an error height of 10-15 cm ( about 6 to 10 weeks ) Kheyar N Pacifico., Pacifico S. Foods lb acid equivalent per acre atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance drift. Produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted.. Ufrgs,1-132,2020, Karlsson ( 2004-03-18 23:00:00 ) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr bare seedbed but... Unable to load your collection due to an error invasive plants in California stocking rate its! Species have been extensively studied a bare seedbed, but it is at least several hundred meters selected for control. Summer drought Ricker 1978 ) favors a rapid increase in the Zaca Jesusita. Fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths pycnocephalus need. The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife 6 to weeks! Then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate, Carduus tenuiflorus var ( CRUPY Western... By Cal-IPC on the underside and contain spines on the surface of a bare,... N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Kheyar,! Cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the surface of bare. Fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the countries where it has an. Noxious weed or invasive species less important ( Parsons 1973 ) acid equivalent per acre autumn. Is required, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites Wheatley! Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr can not be eliminated and may completely carpet the site eventually eliminate thistles but... Or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 10 weeks ) is generally considered to... Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974 ), C. pycnocephalus, but on cut! Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Kheyar N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, M... Can germinate at a variety of herbicides have been extensively studied about 6 10! In question, Gaskin et al roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and on other continents, often a!

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