105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R /P 9 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /K [2 564 0 R 30 565 0 R 32] The law prohibits both online taunting and physical or emotional abuse, and mandates training for faculty and students at schools. /Rotate 0 32 0 obj /Pages 3 0 R >> /TT1 245 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj 183 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Resources << endobj While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 44 0 obj endobj /Contents 323 0 R TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. << 43 0 obj uuid:d8c3b813-d862-4a2b-984b-af1190141099 endobj << 55 0 R 384 0 R 56 0 R 385 0 R 56 0 R 386 0 R 56 0 R 387 0 R 56 0 R 388 0 R << /P 9 0 R 140 0 obj endobj /S /P /S /Footnote /K 15 Her efforts were met with little enthusiasm, however, as Representatives from both the Republican and Democratic parties were concerned with the bill's impact on the freedom of speech. << /K 12 /P 9 0 R null 529 0 R 141 0 R 530 0 R 141 0 R 531 0 R 141 0 R 532 0 R 141 0 R 541 0 R /S /P /StructParents 0 << << /Parent 8 0 R L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. /P 9 0 R endobj /Producer (Adobe PDF Library 9.0) /TT0 243 0 R << /S /P /Pg 25 0 R /K 16 /TT1 285 0 R /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 5 endobj /TT2 244 0 R << /P 9 0 R /S /P << /Type /Page 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R /P 9 0 R 73 0 obj L. 104201, div. /Pg 22 0 R /K 1 /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /Pg 15 0 R Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. >> 74 0 obj /S /P << << >> >> >> /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] /P 9 0 R an immediate family member (as defined in section 115) of that person; the pet, service animal, emotional support animal, or horse of that person; /Font << /Pg 30 0 R endobj [53], The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.[54]. /Pg 31 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /SourceModified (D:20110216092838) endobj 90 0 obj 119 0 obj endobj /Font << << 166 0 obj /Type /Page [21], Finally, it's not uncommon for cyberbullying to be coupled with "traditional", in-person bullying, for example, in the suicide of Phoebe Prince. >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 220 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Kids [18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] << << WebFederal law provides some tools to combat cyberstalking. 53 0 obj >> /Font << >> >> /S /P >> 4 [66 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R << /Pg 31 0 R uuid:271fb036-f088-4ba0-9cbc-b0d52ee3eb8a 58 0 obj endobj endobj >> State v. Robert Bishop, 787 S.E.2d 814 (N.C. 2016). /K 7 Thus, something that may be deemed cyberbullying at first glance may, in fact, be more akin to something like parody or similar. /S /P << endobj endobj /Chart /Figure 143 0 obj 206 0 obj /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. /Parent 8 0 R endobj 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R /S /P "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. endobj /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] << What Federal Laws Exist To Protect Stalking Victims? 42 U.S.C. Section 3796 and 42 U.S.C. Section 14031 authorize grants for law enforcement agencies to develop programs to reduce stalking and for states to develop local, state, and national databases regarding stalking. 42 U.S.C. Section 14036 requires judges to ensure they review the stalker's criminal history prior to issuance of a civil court orders in stalking cases. /P 9 0 R << /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 27 0 R de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, Welcome to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. >> /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] << /P 9 0 R >> << endobj /Font << << /Limits [0 31] >> /K [518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R] 204 0 obj Pittaro M. L. (2007). /S /Footnote An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. 156 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R >> Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. /K 2 /XObject << >> /Pg 13 0 R >> /Pg 31 0 R /S /P 9 620 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R /S /P /Pg 24 0 R >> endobj /Font << /Pg 31 0 R /K 17 >> endobj endobj [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. /K 3 >> L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(B), inserted ,a pet, a service animal, an emotional support animal, or a horse after to a person and substituted (iii), or (iv) for or (iii). The legislation provides enhanced criminal penalty for stalkers of minors under Title 18 Section 2261 by up to five years if the victim is a minor. 108 0 obj /StructParents 11 << /Contents 330 0 R endobj The law also requires schools to create policies to address bullying in a general sense.[40][41]. /S /P /Pg 17 0 R Nothing; existing stalking laws can apply. /Parent 8 0 R /P 9 0 R << 67 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R /S /Footnote /Pg 22 0 R /P 9 0 R >> 41 0 obj >> endobj /Annots [324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R /Type /Page Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R 150 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Type /Pages >> /S /P India's Information Technology Act of 2000 (IT Act) was a set of laws to regulate the cyberspace. /Pg 31 0 R endobj << 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 157 0 obj 1-1-09; 95-984, eff. endobj /P 9 0 R /Resources << /Pg 15 0 R /Rotate 0 >> << /S /P /K 16 /F2 224 0 R /Rotate 0 This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. /K 25 /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Font << [12][13], That said, true threats are not considered to be protected speech. /K [0 407 0 R 22] 94 0 obj 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to /P 9 0 R 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 633 0 R 574 0 R 164 0 R] /K 1 107 0 obj endobj 81 0 obj endobj endobj /Pg 32 0 R /Title (International \(cyber\)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution) << A lot is at stake in a federal cyberstalking case, which is why you need aggressive defense on your side. endobj >> /K [1 529 0 R 22 530 0 R 24 531 0 R 26 532 0 R 28] In addition, some of these newly written laws (like one in Connecticut) put more of an onus on the school system, mandating that the school's administration must intervene at the first sign of bullying. >> /K 5 207 0 obj An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. 136 0 obj 50 0 obj /S /P /K [533 0 R 534 0 R 535 0 R 536 0 R 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R] << /S /P /S /P /P 9 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] << ), In response to Phoebe Prince's suicide, as well as that of Carl Walkerboth of whom had been bullied before taking their livesthe Massachusetts legislature in 2010 passed what advocates call one of the toughest anti-bullying laws in the nation. >> << endobj 95 0 obj /Type /Page >> /Pg 32 0 R 396 0 R null 397 0 R null 398 0 R null 399 0 R null 400 0 R null The motivation behind the bill in 1990 where 50 U.S. states and the federal government passed a bill to "criminalize" stalking was due to the cases of stalking against celebrities (Spitzberg & Hoobler, 2002). 184 0 obj 83 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20110216102934+01'00') Iw6'*Tk5?;IOh"q5e>KFqhe5JN:{:24t5Y5F2\(yQ tkn 193 0 obj 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R /P 9 0 R 103 0 obj Cyberstalking in conjunction with a credible threat is also considered aggravated stalking.[31]. /S /P /StructParents 6 /S /P /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 199 0 obj North Carolina State Supreme Court Strikes Down Cyberbullying Statute. /P 9 0 R The evolving cybercrime landscape and resulting skills gaps are a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies and prosecutors, especially for cross-border enforcement. >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 402 0 R 64 0 R 403 0 R 65 0 R 404 0 R 65 0 R 405 0 R 65 0 R 406 0 R 65 0 R] >> /K [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R In the case of Tyler Clementi, who killed himself after video of his homosexual encounter was broadcast on the Internet, prosecutors charged the defendants with invasion of privacy and computer crimes. 16 0 obj The courts have variously come down on either side of that debate, even within the same state. WebCyberstalking is the act of threatening, harassing, or annoying someone through multiple email messages, as through the Internet, especially with the intent of placing the recipient /P 9 0 R << /TT0 243 0 R [52], International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. 109 0 obj << /P 9 0 R /K 12 /Type /Catalog /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Parent 6 0 R /ColorSpace << >> 16, pp. null 461 0 R null 462 0 R 620 0 R 462 0 R null 463 0 R null 464 0 R 37 0 obj /TextBox /Art /TT2 244 0 R Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). endobj /Pg 30 0 R 75 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource listing current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. 493 0 R null 494 0 R null 495 0 R null 623 0 R 624 0 R 496 0 R 124 0 R B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. /K 4 /Contents 342 0 R >> WebDavid's Law is a state law in Texas, that labels cyberstalking a misdemeanor crime, but it also lays out several other rights victims or parents of victims have in ensuring justice. /P 9 0 R 57 0 obj 2 0 obj << /A 434 0 R << /K 7 /P 9 0 R The federal penalties for cyberstalking are up to five years in prison without the possibility of parole at a minimum. >> /S /P Cyberstalkers often have a sophisticated knowledge of computers and the Internet and can "mask" their intimidating e-mails to victims to disguise their origin. 109 563 0 R 110 564 0 R 111 565 0 R 112 632 0 R 113 634 0 R >> /ColorSpace << >> /S /P WebJustia Onward Blog; Justia US Law Case Law North Carolina Case Law North Carolina Court of Appeals Decisions 2020 In Re D.B 221 0 obj /Pg 26 0 R /Pg 22 0 R >> /K 6 endobj /ColorSpace << /S /P endobj /TT0 243 0 R /S /P endobj endobj << << Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 97213-3644, United States. >> Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2008). /Parent 6 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /K 1 /K 4 North Carolina Court of Appeals Reports (1963-2014) volume 96. /Subscript /Span endobj /P 9 0 R << endobj L. 1134, set out as a note under section 2261 of this title. /Pg 27 0 R 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 49 0 obj For example, a student in California who was suspended from school based on cyberbullying claims took the school district to court, citing a breach of her First Amendment rights; the court agreed with the student and found the school district had overstepped its authority. >> 138 0 obj 7-39). 31 0 obj >> >> /StructParents 7 /Pg 19 0 R Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. endobj a. /F3 225 0 R 1. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 3 endobj /K 9 >> [28] On January 1, 2009, a California law became effective that allows schools to suspend or expel students who harass other students online. << >> FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73, 10-17. /K 2 /K 5 /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 27 0 R 195 0 obj /S /P endobj /Company (Tilburg University) >> << << /Pg 24 0 R /K [21 444 0 R 40 445 0 R 42 446 0 R 44] >> /S /P 33 0 obj /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /K [1 516 0 R 22 517 0 R 24] /TT0 243 0 R << This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. /S /P [33], As noted previously, in 2008 Missouri revised its statutes on harassment to include harassment and stalking through electronic and telephonic communications and cyber-bullying after the suicide of Megan Meier.[34]. 2011-02-16T10:29:34+01:00 << Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). << >> << /S /P /Contents 356 0 R /ColorSpace << >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K [8 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R] Australia does not have specific cyberbullying legislation, although the scope of existing laws can be extended to deal with cyberbullying. In 2008, Florida passed the "Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act" in response to the suicide of 15-year-old Jeffrey Johnston, who had suffered cyberbullying over a long period of time. /K 4 /K [2 499 0 R 25 500 0 R 27 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R 117 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 68 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /TT3 245 0 R [47] Furthermore, the bill addresses not just student-to-student harassment, but also harassment of students by faculty or staff as well. Under 18 U.S.C. 18 0 obj /Pg 32 0 R /K 5 << /S /P << /Resources << In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.[1]. 122 0 obj Governor Signs Landmark Anti-Bullying Law", "Missouri Gov. >> /K 5 (2)(A). /P 9 0 R [42] One of the oft-cited arguments against the bill comes from talk radio, with the concern expressed being that the law would be used to silence political opponents who use the airwaves to espouse divergent viewpoints. /P 9 0 R << >> WebLaw enforcement performs an essential role in achieving our nations cybersecurity objectives by investigating a wide range of cyber crimes, from theft and fraud to child exploitation, and apprehending and prosecuting those responsible. /K [5 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R] /P 9 0 R 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> >> In the US, in practice, there is little legislative difference between the concepts of "cyberbullying" and "cyberstalking." 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R << /Type /Metadata Under U.S. federal law, someone commits the felony of stalking if that person: places another person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to him- or herself, his or her immediate family member, or spouse or intimate partner. endobj /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /Pg 30 0 R 186 0 obj Finally, the Convention on Cybercrime will be analysed to see endobj 514 0 R 131 0 R] % 176 0 obj c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. 15 0 obj /Type /StructTreeRoot 160 0 obj 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << /Parent 7 0 R null 480 0 R null 481 0 R null 621 0 R 622 0 R 482 0 R 120 0 R 483 0 R >> /S /P >> endobj /S /P >> << /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << /Pg 13 0 R << endobj endobj /P 9 0 R 28 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R /Nums [0 [33 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R /Metadata 2 0 R 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R /K [0 389 0 R 23 390 0 R 25 391 0 R 27 392 0 R 29] /K 5 /Pg 30 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P 155 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /TT1 245 0 R Amendment by Pub. /Pg 16 0 R endobj >> << /Parent 8 0 R xV]sF4/m::%aN4!-W~Ho^XJkH{V[?7tp5v^ymqS_ `.O>LjimLi41?u(j&Yh?Zm\lZ !Gs'#~?#U >> /S /P >> endobj >> /Pg 27 0 R [2] Not only is the issue of cyberbullying extensive, it has adverse effects on adolescents: increased depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, and increased susceptibility of drug use and aggressive behavior.[3]. /K 5 << << endobj /S /P /S /P 72 0 obj /P 9 0 R >> /Parent 3 0 R >> /S /P /Pg 32 0 R endobj >> >> >> endobj null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode endobj endobj /Count 10 << << A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. /P 9 0 R >> >> 132 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Pg 19 0 R >> /Pg 21 0 R /Count 6 Despite the fact that Canada does not have any formal laws that deal specifically with cyberstalking, existing stalking laws do encompass electronic stalking as a criminal activity. >> /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /K 9 null 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 630 0 R 562 0 R 155 0 R 563 0 R 155 0 R 564 0 R WebFlorida Statute 784.048 makes stalking (harassment), including cyberstalking, a crime. /Pg 22 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 205 0 obj /Parent 3 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /Pg 31 0 R Google Scholar Eck J. E., Clarke R. V. (2003). /ColorSpace << /Superscript /Span /S /P This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /P 9 0 R /S /P 47 0 obj A lock ( /S /P /S /P >> endobj endobj WebThis chapter advises that all governments should enact new laws that specifically target electronic stalking activities. /P 9 0 R /Pg 13 0 R endobj << endobj /K 7 /Pg 22 0 R /P 9 0 R /Resources << /P 9 0 R International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. /Marked true >> 2020Pub. endobj /S /P 111 0 obj /P 9 0 R << 197 0 obj Nappinai, N, S. (2010). Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? /K [3 527 0 R 32] 61 0 R] >> 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] There are laws that only address online harassment of children or focus on child predators as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. Generally speaking, this conduct is threatening or otherwise fear-inducing, involves an invasion of a persons relative right to privacy, and manifests in repeated actions over time [2]. /Pg 32 0 R /K [3 468 0 R 38] /ColorSpace << /Pg 14 0 R endobj endobj /S /Footnote /P 9 0 R << endobj /InlineShape /Figure endobj /ColorSpace << /S /P >> /StructParents 16 /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. /S /P >> /Annots [228 0 R] << /S /P >> /K 14 << /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 126 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. These statutes /Contents [233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R 148 0 obj /K 12 Cyberstalking: A new challenge for law enforcement and industry. /Pg 28 0 R 174 0 obj /Footnote /Note /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 208 0 obj /P 9 0 R 420 0 R null 421 0 R null 422 0 R null 423 0 R null 418 0 R 78 0 R /Pg 25 0 R /TT2 245 0 R >> WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with cyberstalking. /P 9 0 R /S /P /Parent 7 0 R 164 0 obj >> << /S /P /Pg 30 0 R [5], Commonwealth offences that criminalise the misuse of telecommunication services are also relevant when technology is used to communicate harassment[6] or threats. There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit << >> /K 8 Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Citation is disfavored, but may be /S /P /S /P endobj WebAccording to Florida Statute 775.082, if an individual is convicted of first-degree misdemeanor cyberstalking, the individual will be punished with up to one year in jail, and a fine of up to $1,000. /P 9 0 R >> /S /P << Law Order << >> /K 4 144 0 obj >> The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works with other federal agencies to conduct high-impact /TT2 258 0 R /TT0 243 0 R 60 0 obj 151 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R /S /Footnote >> /Annots [246 0 R 247 0 R] /P 9 0 R /K 8 /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] /Type /Page /Count 5 /Contents 358 0 R /K 24 /P 9 0 R endobj >> << /Font << /TT0 243 0 R [51], New Zealand Minister of Justice Judith Collins plans to introduce a law that would make it an offence to incite people to commit suicide, or post material that is grossly offensive by the end of 2013. << << 585 0 R 586 0 R 587 0 R 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 2000Pub. >> Web18 U.S. Code 2261A - Stalking. /Pg 14 0 R Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. /K 2 /S /P Online stalkers have been known to post insulting messages on electronic bulletin boards signed with the e-mail address of the person being harassed. /Annots [357 0 R] 25 0 obj WebWhat must exist for cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory? < < > > Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber to! 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