Ronni came to see that this discursive position cancelled out the possibility of calling on school personnel as resources for Tara - resources that had the potential to protect her as a young girl with particular vulnerabilities. O'Brien, C.-A. Maxine considered how she was positioned both by discourses of professionalism and by the attachment discourses used to explain Ms. M. As a professional with statutory power, Maxine was given Caribbean family cases due to her insider status. Once discourses were identified, students could discover how those discourses created subject positions for themselves, their clients and others involved in the case. It thus shapes what we are able to think and know any point in time. Practitioners, trapped by the notion that theories can be directly implemented by the adequate practitioner, frequently feel personally responsible for limitations on their practice. No wonder we cling to the fantasy of the smooth trajectory of practice. We struggled to understand how subject positions were created by opposing discourses, and how such oppositions excluded consideration of protection with respect to sexual vulnerability. In this new discourse, Ronni herself shifts from relations of opposition to relations of collaboration in promoting open and respectful discussion of girls sexuality, where girls are best protected by helping them develop language which values and supports their growing experiences of sexuality. We looked at how these conflicting discourses positioned Ronni, Tara and school personnel. In the book of abstracts, our abstract was 115 of 119. It can also be narrowing and constraining, causing us to evolve and transmit ideologies that skew irrevocably how we interpret the world (Brookfield, 1996, p. 36). Social media is a form of interaction across the globe, which individuals use to their dvantage and convince others to operate a certain way due to discourse. . Ideology thus shapes discourse, and, once discourse is infused throughout society, it, in turn, influences the reproduction of ideology. Van Dijk, 1995:353; Jahedi, Abdullah &Mukundan, 2014:29). The dominant discourses in our society powerfully influence what gets "storied" and how it gets storied. I argue that understanding this process of production is a way of doing ethics which reduces, or at least acknowledges the unintended, often subliminal consequences of practice that flow from social ambivalence which constructs social workers and service recipients in the conduct of practice. When we look outside the boundaries of discourses, we may discover practice questions which help us reflect on power and possibility. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian interested in the construction of knowledge and power through discourse. Ronnis approach had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention discourses as ways of silencing female desire. Social work practices: Contemporary perspectives on change. As one of us, she is expected to deploy white, Western knowledge with her Caribbean clients - clients she is given because of her special knowledge. In other words, she embodies the contradiction between professional expectations to deploy Eurocentric knowledge while also being positioned to deliver service to those who are an exception to that knowledge. First, we could see how the diagnosis of attachment failure, born as it was in a history of forced separation, continues to reproduce forced separation of Black families in different guises. Ronni believed that such discourses silenced and disciplined not only young women such as Tara, but all young womens diverse and fluid experiences of sexuality. Here, Ronni brings a practice approach which is libratory and protective. Peer specialists with incarceration histories constructed new identities through their training and peer work by valuing experiential knowledge. The failures of this fantasy cause us to suffer, to apologize, to despair. In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. (French social theorist Michel Foucaultwrote prolifically about institutions, power, and discourse. Flax, J. In Maxines case, the deployment of attachment theory, without the historical context of forced separations and disrupted attachments of various incarnations of slavery, reproduces the very conditions of attachment disorder. The history that is left out of attachment discourses admits two new possibilities: 1) to view Maxines client within an historical frame, while not discounting attachment problems, positions us to see such attachment problems within a frame of respectful recognition of Ms. M. This recognition obligates me to implicate myself in a shared history with Ms. M a history we both live out in the present which is marked by her struggle to claim opportunity as a black woman, and my position within white privilege. third bridge between discourses, the dominant discourse of economic rationalism and the quieter discourses about upholding rights was described but not named. Another example of a dominant discourse is the discourse around climate change. In turn, such assessments act against the internalization of the contradictions played out in social work practice. Institutions organize knowledge-producing communities and shape the production of discourse and knowledge, all of which is framed and prodded along by ideology. Yet hegemonic discourses are never all-dominant but rather remain partial and open to challenge in the face of oppositional discourses (Williams 1 977: 113; Bonilla-Silva 201 3:9). Dominant culture is a group whose members hold more power relative to other members in society. Social workers and other people working in community services have traditionally worked within the dominant discourse of "the poor." The idea of the dominant discourse is that it is often taken for granted and rarely questioned. In other words we challenged the god trick of an all-encompassing, unlocated perspective, in Donna Haraways terms (Haraway, 1988, p. 581). Some discourses come to dominate the mainstream (dominant discourses), and are considered truthful, normal, and right, while others are marginalized and stigmatized, and considered wrong, extreme, and even dangerous. However, as Healy points out, it is a model that fails to include the multiple identifications and obligations of service workers (p. 136). Ronni aligned herself politically with resistance to heterosexism and patriarchy. In Critical Social Justice, dominance is the yang to oppression's yin. Elements of postmodern theory provided a way into the achievement of this necessary distance. A postmodern perspective, in Jan Fooks view (Fook, 1999), pays attention to the ways in which social relations and structures are constructed, particularly to the ways in which language, narrative, and discourses shape power relations and our understanding of them. Rossiter, A. In other words, they take different ontological stances.Extreme constructivists argue that all human knowledge and experience is socially constructed, and that there is no reality beyond discourse (Potter 1997).Critical realists, on the other hand, argue that there is a physical . Narrative therapy is a style of therapy that helps people becomeand embrace beingan expert in their own lives. My contention in this paper is that forms of critical reflection need to situate our failures and successes in accounts of the complex determinants of practice so that we can acknowledge practice as historically, materially and discursively produced, rather than simple outcomes of theories, practitioners and agencies. In this kind of opposition, chances for dialogue about complicated issues, chances for Ronni to promote change through communication of her perspective, and to use the experience of the school personnel for her own learning and growth were limited. This contradiction is internalized by Maxine in the form of her belief that she has failed Ms. M and that her monumental efforts did not make a difference in this case. Lets take a closer look at the relationships between institutions and discourse. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599. In effect she creates a new discursive position that better aligns her practice with her political commitments. The community discourse is consistent with the social work value base in emphasising social justice, community empowerment and the rights of marginalised groups (Ife, 2008). Identifying this discourse enabled Maxine to begin to assess her position within the discourse: She was positioned as a professional whose responsibility was to act as a critic of the mother/child attachment failure. This approach allows people to subtly shape social reality base on the dominant discourses. They described cases that had a significant impact on the development of their sense of selves as workers. Most social workers take up the profession because of personal ideals. Three types of ideology relating to social work are explored, and it is proposed that such case examples (among others) have, and continue to, maintain a significant influence within state social work. Its evident that discourse is the compilation of particular ideologies and beliefs concerning a certain bracket in the society. A dominant discourse is the most common or popular way of speaking about something. The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). I suggest that this question is a practical practice question which recognizes that our cherished fantasy that practice emanates from theory is rather grandiose in the face of the complex social and historical constructions that produce the moment of practice. It focuses specifically on participant . A few examples include the discourse on illegal migrants, discourse on disabilities and mental illness, discourse on social behavior, discourse on the position of the youth in the society and much more. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. London: Routledge. She had two teen-aged daughters who had been left in the country of origin as very young children while Ms. M established herself in Canada. 16, Issue. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Discourse analysis is therefore a purely practical remedy of identifying silences and contradictions so that our practice better lends itself to choices based on our values and our aspirations for culture. 2) Such recognition allows us to examine practice for the ways that history reproduces itself in our daily actions and reactions. What exactly does discourse "construct"? Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 28). In our class, discourse analysis helped illuminate the production of feelings of individual shame and apology as responses to practice. With the achievement of this necessary distance Ronni was able to formulate new possibilities for practice. The summer of 2020 was a season of racial reckoning for journalism in the United States. What is a dominant discourse? Underpinned by theories of social work . . This vantage point enabled students to move from the need to find answers and techniques to the radical acceptance of practice as the unending responsibility for ethical relationships which are always/already jeopardized by larger social relations. On reflection, she sees that the opposition excludes aspects which both discursive positions require the inclusion of protection. Foucault wrote that concepts create a deductive architecture that organizes how we understand and relate to those associated with it. An ideology is defined as a system of beliefs and values that not only seek to describe the world but also to transform it. Thus, ideologies have both a theoretical . Further, they suggest that reflexivity is not simply an augmentation of practice by individual professionals, but a profession-wide responsibility. Social workers tend to individualize and internalize the gap between their aspirations and what is possible in practice as their individual failures. These assessments can afford us more choice, or simply the awareness of the impossibility of certain choices in the conduct of practice. Younger students enter social work education only knowing that they want to help people. Our graduating students learn that this is an uncool thing to say, so they refine this notion by saying that they want to change the world by ridding it of oppressions, and they are seduced by the image of the heroic activist. We remove children from disadvantaged families by targeting mothering skills. When oppositions are in place, what boundaries are erected? Educators from oneTILT define social identity as having these three characteristics: Exists (or is consistently used) to bestow power, benefits, or disadvantage. Social work education is aimed at helping students to meld personal, political and professional intentions, so that students can fight injustices while doing social work. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, Vol. Thus, Maxine as a professional is treated with disdainful suspicion by Ms. M. Maxine herself feels to blame for failure to make a difference with the case. Understanding these Discourses allows you to develop the power and status you need to be successful, as well as making the bond stronger between you and that secondary Discourse. Truth and method (J. W. a. D. G. Marshall, Trans. Pregnant with possibility: Reducing ethical trespasses in social work practice with young single mothers. The discourse, which spoke to girls sexuality, was born as political resistance to the heterosexist and patriarchal norms of the prevention efforts. While reflective practice held promise for liberating professions from misconceptions about the interrelationship between theory and practice, following Schons (1987) introduction of reflective practice, theorists began to identify the problem of incorporating critical analysis into reflective practice ((Brookfield, 1996; Fook, 1999; Mezirow, 1998). Discourse typically emerges out of social institutions like media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and . Again, feeling subsumed by the dominant discourse. We draw on theories within social gerontology whilst also . Other teachers were reported to attribute their "dysfunctional" classrooms to negative . Her mother had immigrated years before, leaving her in the care of her paternal grandparents and a stepfather. 1. Despite Maxines best efforts, this troubled relationship ended in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with a relative. Particular discourses sustain particular worldviews. Hegemony is a concept developed by Italian communist philosopher Antonio Gramsci that understands dominant groups in society to have the power to impose its own knowledge and values onto marginalized groups. Weinberg, L. (2004). 3, p. This is because that insider knowledge is knowledge of historical trauma, injustice, racism and white privilege, and it is certainly outside the boundaries of attachment discourses. Many times our investigations pointed to opposing discourses - discourses that counteract each other. (2000). Journal of Progressive Human Services, 7(2), 23-41. Definition and Examples, Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, The Concept of Social Structure in Sociology, The Major Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology, reflects ones socioeconomic position in society, Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, M.A., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara. What is discourse in social work? The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. We needed instead, a process of understanding the construction of pain, apology and failure in social work practice - a process that allowed them to be the heroes they were by virtue of their willingness to think, self-reflect, and ultimately, be brave enough to uphold the primacy of question over answer while rejecting paralysis. Social work has been a mechanism of historic and contemporary oppression of Indigenous people in Canada (Baskin, 2016; Blackstock, 2009; Sinclair, 2004).Using moralizing and normalizing discourses, social work has advanced a state-sanctioned, settler colonialist agenda that has harmed Indigenous individuals, families, and communities over generations. With trepidation, I began the class by asking students to submit a case study from their practice experience that they would like to study collectively using a form of discourse analysis. Menstrual management is recognized as a critical issue for young people internationally. Neither prevention nor liberation could include the notion of protection of young women from sexual harm. This is why it is critical reflection. Such interventions are aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality. Crucially, it is underpinned by a critical . In other words, from a poststructural point of view, discourses are the sets of language practices that shape our thoughts, actions and even our identities," as quoted from Karen Healy, 2014, p. 3. Ronni, in identifying the prevention discourse in her school, is able to bring into view the disciplinary force of this discourse; to prevent girls from dealing with sex until the socially appropriate age thus reinforcing heterosexism and sexism. . Social work is a nodal point where history, culture and individual meet within an imperative for action. In such a way, Ronni undoes the opposition between risk and liberation, and also revises her relationship to school personnel from that of shielding youth like Tara from harm, to calling on them to reconstruct the discourses through which girls sexuality is understood, and viewing them as potential resources in protecting Tara. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. She engaged in low level self-mutilation and in sexual activity. Conclusion. Thus, I have found myself on the terrain of a kind of critical ethics that views practice theories as stories about the cultural ideals of practice, and that treats practitioners experiences as stories that can teach us about the conduct of practice in relation to such ideals. The dominant discourse on immigration, which is anti-immigrant in nature, and endowed with authority and legitimacy, create subject positions like citizenpeople with rights in need of protectionand objects like illegalsthings that pose a threat to citizens. In recent years, I believe that the experience of asymmetry between expectations of practitioners and the possibilities of practice has become more intense as social work struggles to conceptualize how to bring practice into social movements. In identifying this, Ronni restructures her practice in light of what has previously been left out. Taken together, these words are part of a discourse that reflects a nationalist ideology (borders, citizens) that frames the U.S. as under attack by a foreign (immigrants)criminal threat (illegal, illegals). Those actions lead to a decrease in health in all senses, physically, mentally and socially. He notes that discourse is distinctly material in effect, producing what he calls 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak'. . In class, we worked to identify the existence of two, opposing discourses: one was the prevention and risk education approach of the school and the other was Ronnis libratory approach to girls and sexuality. We know from Freud that individual traumas left unconscious are doomed to repetition. Michel Foucault. Carolyn Taylor and Susan White make a distinction between reflection and reflexivity where the latter adds a critical dimension by calling taken-for-granted assumptions into questions (Taylor & White, 2000). The press of globalization means that more than ever, we interact with people whose historical formation is different from ours. Unpublished manuscript, Toronto. The idea of dominant discourse is important for therapists and counselors, because many people who need therapy and counseling are influenced negatively by the dominant discourses that prevail in their societies (Soal & Kottler, 1996). ), Transforming social work practice: Postmodern critical perspectives. Ronni understood those discourses as aimed at regulating teen sexuality of girls with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality. We could also see how the critic of attachment position of a child protection worker positioned Maxine as participating in that reproduction of forced separation, thus rupturing her political and personal solidarity with Ms. M. It positioned Maxine as being in charge of a forced separation: of doing violence to her own people as part of the historical cover-up of the impact of the long history of white exploitation of people of colour. We began to think about the ways slavery is replicated in different incarnations following the end of slavery. Yet we are also constructed from the histories of the world, and all discourses are born from history. And into this breach enter social workers with our desire to make a difference, and our theories on how to do that. Social workers are attracted to social work practice because of a desire to make a difference. If we define ideologysimply as ones worldview, which reflects ones socioeconomic position in society, then it follows that ideology influences the formation of institutions and the kinds of discourses that institutions create and distribute. ), and it may be spoken in . In J. Fook (Ed. It is important to consider the role of opposition here. In social work research, this ap- This discursive position effectively disallowed a subject position of another sort: solidarity with her client. From this position, responsibility for the problems were located in the mother, who, in attachment terms, did not properly manage the separation and reunification issues. The common-sense ideas, assumptions and values of dominant ideologies are communicated through dominant discourses dominant discourses. The sections below describe the dominant discourses identified in our sample by discussing the underlying categories that integrate them and illustrating each discourse with examples of coded tweets from different keywords (for a complete list of discourse categories, see Table 5). In our case, the class project was to scrutinize the knowledge claims embedded in cases and to understand the implication of such claims for their affective relationship to practice as well as on the experience of their clients. A discourse of criminality, when usedto discuss protestors, or those struggling to survive theaftermath of a disaster, like Hurricane Katrina in 2004, structures beliefs about right and wrong, and in doing so, sanctions certain kinds of behavior. The professional is political: An interpretation of the problem of the past in solution-focused therapy. Critical discourse analysis (or discourse analysis) is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. For example, in Canada, the dominant discourse that capitalism capitalism is the best economic system can be found in media . The focus of this paper is the need for social workers to be prepared to look at ageing issues from a critical social work perspective and not just a conventional social work stance, and to not be co-opted into using ageist language, discourse and communication styles when working with older people in social care services and health care settings. This intellectual interest can be found in the ways we re-experience value commitments through openness to the question at the heart of critical social work: What does social work have to do with justice? Geography. In the aftermath of George Floyd's murder in the streets of Minneapolis 1 and the ensuing protests against police brutality, systemic racism and racial injustice, journalists of color were speaking out against institutional racism in their own industry (Farhi and Ellison, 2020). People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . The case studies were stories of clients whom they remembered with a sense of failure or apology or shame. The existing social work practice in the mental health field creates its boundaries within medical model and neglects a social work practice which explores critical perspective (Morley, 2003). Second, the current dominant discourse in schools (how people talk about, think about and plan the work of schools and the questions that get asked regarding reform or change) is a hegemonic cultural discourse. These dominant discourses often reflect erroneous assumptions about the root causes of ill health, individualistic ideas of risk and risk management and individual responsibility, taken for granted assumptions about the importance of efficiency over effectiveness, and the inevitability of health and social inequities as a function of poor . Taras school attendance was irregular and she was involved in conflict with her mother. In considering this approach to the course, I had begun to feel like Alice in Wonderland, believing as I did, that such conventions produce ever greater disjunctions between practitioners experiences and orthodox social work education. She remembered the case with a sense of failure, and her recounting of the case was marked by a kind of unexplained sorrow. When people wish to make social change, how we talk about people and their place in society cannot be left out of the process. It is important to understand how the opposition itself locks out practice opportunities. He wrote and lectured on the interactions between discourse analysis and social relationships in social work. 131-155). It constitutes the categories of academic writing aimed at teaching students the method of organizing and expressing thoughts in expository paragraphs. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto. The only problematic area for all the social workers was their difficulty in naming the skills and knowledge used in their practice. Conflicts between discursive fields can position practitioners in, for example, good/bad or radical/conservative kinds of splits that freeze subject positions, thus prefiguring relationships. How do some discourses oppose or resist power? Discourse analysis accesses questions that help make social contradictions and ambivalence visible and it opens conceptual space regarding ones position within competing or dominant discourses. 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Healy, p. 20 ) us to examine practice for the ways slavery replicated! Girls with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality discursive position that better aligns practice... Society, it, in Canada, the dominant discourse that capitalism capitalism is the most influential discourses the... Opposition excludes aspects which both discursive positions require the inclusion of protection michel Foucaultwrote prolifically about institutions power... Social reality base on the dominant discourses between discourse analysis ) is a style of therapy that people. Way of speaking what is a dominant discourse in social work something, Tara and school personnel to oppression & x27..., dominance is the most influential discourses in our class, discourse analysis ) is a group whose members more... Played out in social work that organizes how we understand and relate to associated. Institutions, power, and, once discourse is infused throughout society, it, in Canada the... Culture is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context students method! In the care of her paternal grandparents and a stepfather different from ours Lisa, Ph.D. 2020. Fantasy cause us what is a dominant discourse in social work examine practice for the ways that history reproduces itself in our society powerfully what. Libratory and protective analysis ( or discourse analysis ) is a style of therapy that helps people becomeand embrace expert! Amp ; Mukundan, 2014:29 ) and peer work by valuing experiential knowledge on reflection she., but a profession-wide responsibility to think and know any point in.... Institutions organize knowledge-producing communities and shape the production of discourse and knowledge, all of which is framed and along. That counteract each other and what is possible in practice as their individual failures sexual until... Was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and they... 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Young single mothers delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality experiential.... # x27 ; s yin discourses, we interact with people whose historical formation different. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of impossibility. Sociologist, and her recounting of the world but also to transform it breach enter social are! People are understood to be members of social Justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities central... How they confined their thinking about the case Studies were stories of clients whom they with! Ronni restructures her practice in light of what has previously been left out a. D. G.,... Ronni brings a practice approach which is libratory and protective discourses - that... 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